Essay --

I will start my essay after I finish this level in this game, is what I said nearly three hours ago. It has been a whole mess from then on one level turned into two, then a a few(prenominal) more, followed by a few YouTube videos and some online chatting. To say, it in simple words, I procrastinated. Procrastination is only the action of delaying or postponing something. Everyone procrastinates. People procrastinate because they do non want to do a certain task, or because they have too many other things to do. Doing things at the last moment causes chaos and stress. Like all(prenominal) other problems, procrastination leaves over its side effects, which take on missed opportunities, frantic work hours, stress, overwhelm, resentment, and some remorse. Procrastination is a complex problem, but can be reduced by various methods like self-awareness, motivation, proper time management, etc.Some say that the procrastination occurs because of laziness. However, the behavior pattern of procrastination can be prompted in many ways, so people unremarkably will not procrastinate for the same reason. Sometimes they pro... Essay -- I will start my essay after I finish this level in this game, is what I said nearly three hours ago. It has been a whole mess from then on one level turned into two, then a few more, followed by a few YouTube videos and some online chatting. To say, it in simple words, I procrastinated. Procrastination is only the action of delaying or postponing something. Everyone procrastinates. People procrastinate because they do not want to do a certain task, or because they have too many other things to do. Doing things at the last moment causes chaos and stress. Like all other problems, procrastination leaves over its side effects, which include missed opportunities, frantic work hours, stress, overwhelm, resentment, and some remorse. Procrastination is a complex problem, but can be reduced by various methods like self-awareness, mot ivation, proper time management, etc.Some say that the procrastination occurs because of laziness. However, the behavior pattern of procrastination can be prompted in many ways, so people usually will not procrastinate for the same reason. Sometimes they pro...

Energy Crisis Essay -- USA Oil Fuel Essays Papers

Energy Crisis Energy is important to our nation for many reasons. It is a key economic driver. It offers new market opportunities for business. Providing elan vital to our nation has been an exciting challenge in recent years. Many changes discombobulate been constant passim that period. The past tells Americans that predicting the specifics of the energy future for our nation with great true statement would be unlikely. Americans get their energy from different types of resources. With all the different resources Americans believe that an energy crunch shouldnt happen.The crisis is a nationwide energy discontent in which natural gas rates have soargond to the highest level in 15 years, and OPEC has slashed its oil output again to keep prices up. Most Americans know they are the ones who are mostly to blame for the energy crisis. Americans greed drives us to take up more space and privacy, more power and speed, and more comfort and ease. Satisfying these demands requires th e enthusiastic of more fossil fuels. Due to the large amounts of energy that Americans use, the demand for more energy resources are becoming low. The energy crisis in California could spread throughout the United States unless answers to these problems of energy consumption can be solved.If the energy crisis should happen to spread throughout the United States, there would be a large demand for more energy resources. More and more efforts are beingness attempted for finding new types of energy resources for the long term. Large amounts of money are being spent on different types of energy. Prices willing continue to grow if there is a shortage of energy. Americans will have to pay more for energy in the years to come if the oil and natural gas prices continue to go up, due to lack of oil drilling spots. Long term energy problems will be solved with all the new types of energy out there.Early in the 1970s, natural gas was thought to be a declining fuel. Outdated and promise pr oductive pricing regulations handcuffed the industry. The picture today is decidedly different. Natural gas is being counted on to fuel most of Americas economic expansions counsel into the 21st century. The regulations of the 1970s have been replaced by a restructured gas market, and the industry has responded. The demand for gas is suppuration faster than anyone predicted. The United States economy is also growing faste... ...ergy. Oil and natural gas will still be out there for energy sources in the future. Many Americans will probably find shipway to deal with the energy crunch, by using new efficient resources.Americans hesitate to bemuse detailed predictions about the energy future much past the present. To adept energy for the future cooperating with foreign governments and institutions to develop energy sector laws would help. Policies and regulatory processes for setting standards and opening markets, could help the energy crisis in the United States. Also, promot ing energy labor in the future in ways that respect health and environmental problems. Many experts agree that consumers who invest in things like better insulation and windows to make their homes more efficient will see the cheapest bills in the future.In conclusion the past years have been exciting for energy markets, energy policy, and energy tag on and demand. Many people have made significant progress in understanding the importance of a basic resource, which they once took for granted. Americans can expect to have better tools for the future of energy and to be better at identifying and addressing these challenges.

An Overview of Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Es

An Overview of Capital PunishmentIntroduction Capital punishment is punishment by death for committing a crime. Sincethe early 1800s most executions ask resulted from convictions for murder. Thedeath penalty has also been imposed for such serious crimes as fortify robbery,kidnapping, rape, and treason. There is much disagreement aboutwhether or not bully punishment is effective in discouraging crime. In the early 1990s, 36 states of the United States had laws that permittedthe death penalty. These laws were greatly influenced by a 1972 decision of theSupreme romance of the United States which had banned the death penalty as it wasthen imposed, describing the carrying out of the death penalty as cruel andunusual punishment. But the court leftover open the possibility that the deathpenalty might be imposed for certain crimes and if it was applied according toclear standards. After this decision was made, new nifty punishment laws were made tosatisfy the Supreme Courts requirement s. These laws limit the death penalty tomurder and to other specified crimes that result in a persons death. Thesecrimes include armed robbery, hijacking, and kidnapping. Many countries, including most European and Latin-American nations, haveabolished the death penalty since 1900 - including Canada, which did so in 1976.In the early 1990s, the United States was the only Western changenation where executions still took place.History Capital punishment was common among all ancient civilizations. It was usedfor a variety of offenses that today arent crimes at all, like theft thekeys to someones wi... ...eonly two states which use this method are Utah and Idaho.Conclusion While writing this essay, I found a lot of different arguments two for andagainst capital punishment. After weighing both sides of the issue, I came tothe conclusion that capital punishment isnt a good idea. There are too manyrisks involve - such as executing an innocent person. Many people feel that ifsomeone mu rders another(prenominal) person, then he too deserves to be killed. Butmurdering another person wont bring the other one back, and two wrongs dontmake a right. I think it would be worse to spend the rest of your life in acell than to go through hell for a few minutes but then be over with it forever.Therefore, I think that a good alternative to receiving the death penalty wouldbe a life sentence in prison with no chance of parole.

Irony in All Kings Men Essays -- Literacy Analysis

William Penn rabbit warrens All the powerfulnesss Men is legend that explores the political society and its influences. Like several politicians in modern society, several characters have qualities that seem unsuitable to the impression that have made. These ironies in All the Kings Men reveal how the characters have flaws, which can result in critical consequences. rogue Burden, Adam Stanton, Judge Irwin and Willie Stark are characters that with ironic traits.Jack Burden is known as the student of history ( Warren 372). The very fact that he is a historian is ironic, as he has come from an juicy and reputable family and grew up in Burdens Landing. However, Jack lacks the ambition needed to excel in life and works for Willie, despite the disapproval of this family. He not only lacks ambition, but all essential confidence in himself (Bloom 132). If he had ambition, he could have married Anne Stanton earlier, as Anne would always tell him to go on back to State and finish up and th en she will marry him even before he leads his law degree (448). Yet, Jack forced himself to get kicked out of school. Even as a historian, Jack cannot deal with new things he learns about people he is closely associated with. after(prenominal) he wise to(p) that Lois was actually a person and not merely a luscious machine he went into one of series of the Great Sleep ( Warren 459). After he learned about Anne Stanton and Willies affair, Jack temporarily escaped to the West because when people dont like whey the are they always go West (Warren 464). Jack was not able to cope with this news that he had to leave to relieve his mind. In addition, as a historian, he does not take into his own past. Concerning his father, he only knew that the Scholarl... ... its characters. These ironic flaws contribute to their sufferings throughout the novel. The flaws of Willie Stark, Adam Stanton and Judge Irwin led to the ultimate punishment, death, and Jack Burdens flaws led to temporarily l osing his love, Anne Stanton. Works CitedBaker, Joseph E. Irony in Fiction All the Kings Men. College English. Vol. 9. JSTOR. Web. 06 Dec. 2011.Bloom, Harold. The Case of the Upright Judge The Nature of Truth in All the Kings Men. Robert Penn Warrens All the Kings Men. Questia School. Web. 06 Dec. 2011.Martin, Glenn. Diction in Warrens All the Kings Men. The English Journal. Vol. 58. JSTOR. Web. 06 Dec. 2011.Warren, Robert Penn. All the Kings Men. Orlando Harcourt Inc., 1996. Wright, Andrew H. Irony and Fiction. The Journal of Aestetics and Art Criticism.Vol.12. JSTOR. Web. 06 Dec. 2011.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - The Dynamic Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Dynamic Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a book filled with high-voltage characters, written by a dynamic person. Throughout the book, the themes and situations are on patchy symbolic levels. The Great Gatsby is such a novel, that the hero is portrayed to the reader by a man who, with obviously no effort, will not judge a man easily. He perceives him, takes him in, and analyzes him. This mans name is not, in fact, Gatsby, but Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story. The man who is being perceived, of course, is Jay Gatsby, our hero. Our story, The Great Gatsby, starts out when Nick, a stock trader, moves to West Egg. West Egg is a part of Long Island where the new rich people live. brand-new rich is a term used to describe people who have recently acquired their wealth, and have no connections in East Egg, where the people who have set up their wealth live. Gatsby befriends Nick for a good reason, to meet his long lost love, Daisy, Nicks cousin and resident of East Egg. Unfortuna tely for Gatsby, Daisy is married to Tom, a boisterous man who has taken in a mistress and everyone in the novel knows about it. Throughout the novel, Nick acts as Gatsbys confidant. A confidant is a person present when a hero needs someone to listen to his plight. We get to know Gatsby, even though he is bad because of the abominable liquor bootlegging operation he runs. We get to know Gatsby because we like the confidant. If Nick, the confidant, is Gatsbys friend, then Gatsby will be our friend as well. This is true of completely relationships that deal with Nick. For the most part, we will feel the same way towards a character as Nick does. The novel ends in explosion and uproar. Nick, knowing Gatsbys passion for Daisy, gets the two together for tea. They rekindle their lost love for each other, and, for a long time, they concealed their love for each other from Tom, Daisys husband.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - The Dynamic Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Dynamic Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a book filled with dynamic characters, written by a dynamic person. Throughout the book, the themes and situations are on numerous symbolic levels. The Great Gatsby is such a novel, that the hero is portrayed to the reader by a man who, with seemingly no effort, will not think a man easily. He perceives him, takes him in, and analyzes him. This mans name is not, in fact, Gatsby, but Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story. The man who is being perceived, of course, is Jay Gatsby, our hero. Our story, The Great Gatsby, starts out when Nick, a stock trader, moves to West Egg. West Egg is a part of Long Island where the new rich people live. New rich is a term apply to describe people who have recently acquired their wealth, and have no connections in East Egg, where the people who have established their wealth live. Gatsby befriends Nick for a beloved reason, to meet his long lost love, Daisy, Nicks cousin and resident of East Egg. Unfortunat ely for Gatsby, Daisy is married to Tom, a boisterous man who has taken in a mistress and everyone in the novel knows about it. Throughout the novel, Nick acts as Gatsbys confidant. A confidant is a person present when a hero needs someone to listen to his plight. We get to know Gatsby, even though he is bad because of the illegal liquor bootlegging operation he runs. We get to know Gatsby because we like the confidant. If Nick, the confidant, is Gatsbys friend, then Gatsby will be our friend as well. This is true of all relationships that deal with Nick. For the most part, we will timber the same way towards a character as Nick does. The novel ends in explosion and uproar. Nick, knowing Gatsbys passion for Daisy, gets the two together for tea. They kindle their lost love for each other, and, for a long time, they concealed their love for each other from Tom, Daisys husband.

Accumulated Change vs. Definite Integral

Martyna Wiacek MTH 116 C- Applied Calculus 11/6/2012 Chapter 5 Writing Assignment there is a correlativity between knowledge base, hoard change, and the definite integral that we have focused on throughout Chapter 5 in Applied Calculus. When looking at one rate-of-change function, the put in change over an interval and the definite integral are equivalent, their values could be positive, negative or zero. However, the area could never be negative because area is always positive by definition. The accumulated change looks at the whole area of the function that is between the graph and the horizontal axis.For instance, if f (x) is a rate-of-change function the area between f (x) and the x-axis represents the accumulated change between x = a and x = b. However, the definite integral puts specific limits into the function and the area of a particular region can be determined. For example, if f (x) is a rate-of-change function it means that is what you can consider the area. The a ccruement of change in a real function can be evaluated by using the area of the region between the rate-of-change curve and the horizontal axis.We also see a similar alliance between the rate-of-change graph and the accumulated graph that we saw in derivatives. A minimum in the accumulated graph is caused by the rate-of-change function crossing over from positive to negative. A maximum in the accumulated graph is a result of the rate-of-change function moving from negative to positive. When there is a maximum or minimum in the rate-of-change graph you get an inflection point in the accumulation graph as well. Also, we see that if the rate-of-change function is negative then the accumulated graph is negative and so the accumulation graph is decreasing.However, when the rate-of-change graph is increasing, it does not affect whether or not the accumulated graph is increasing or decreasing. There are several problems in our book that demonstrate this relationship. A specific example that I believe did a good job demonstrating it was The graph in the figure represents the rate of change of rainfall in Florida during a severe thunderstorm t hours after the rain began falling subprogram A enjoyment a grid to count boxes and estimate the accumulated area from 1 to x for values of x spaced 1 hour apart, starting at 0 and ending at 6.Record the estimates in a table. 0 0 1 . 4 2 . 65 3 1 4 1. 35 5 2 6 2. 4 Part B Sketch the graph of the accumulation function based on the table values Part C Write the mathematical notation for the function sketched in part b Part D Write a sentence of interpretation for the accumulation form 0 to 6 hours After 6 hours of rainfall in Florida, the amount of rain should accumulate to an estimate of 2. 4 inches.

Is Technology a Boon Essay

Technology is very much a part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escape from human control. Others feel that technology has film betterd the timbre of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or nix? State your position on this issue and support it with appropriate theoretical accounts. Technology has become a part of our lives. The issue of decide if this part is or non good for life is a controversial one. Many believe that contribution technology has made to modern life improve the quality of life in various aspects.Others believe that technology is out of human control and they see adverse effects in modern life. After careful analysis of different fields such as effortless life, medicine, and education, I feel that contribution technology has made to modern life has been really positive and champion to improve the quality of human lives. The first understanding for me to believe contribut ion technology made to modern life is just the daily life to unprecedented levels. Houses shelter systems, for example, connected to the police, is more powerfully because is build on technologies developed in the last years.As women increase their roles in society in the last times, daily homework such is cook, make laundry or vacuum take less time to do it than before, and its permits women to dedicate this time to other activities such is study, working, and other activities. Not only the daily live is benefited by advances of technology, another field is medicine. Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before was the cause of massive death, now is a past true, with the advances in technology, scientific and doctors find different vaccines to help people be healthier.The medical equipments advances help process such as cognitive process in a way that was never possible before. Nowadays, it is routine to get a heart replacement, which in the past such situations w as simply impossible. Most importantly, we screw see how scientific are in the process of looking for the solution to current diseases, and this will be possible, with the use of advanced medical technology. The best reason for me to applaud contribution technology made is in the field of education.I see how the advances in technology help students in their learning. For instance, the use of projectors and video conferences help in important amount in the process of learning by using these approaches, different kinds of students intelligence can be addressed. Computers are another example of contribution that technology made to educational field. The use of well equipped computing device lab is truly helpful for students because they have the chance to learn computer skills that are very important in almost all the work environments.Nowadays, teachers can find information they can use in their daily lessons. For instance, in a math class, teachers can use updated statistical infor mation finding in computers (by just a click), and they can infuse these information into a lesson, devising the lesson related with real life situations for students. In the final analysis, I think the benefits technology offer to improve the quality of life outweigh the deficits.I do not think technology is out of human control and by the exposed in lines above we can easily see how technology helps and improves the quality of human live in the daily routine, Medical advances allow humans to live longer and more healthy lives than ever before and scientific advances make the learning more easy. Ultimately, Technology is developed by people to help improve quality of human lives and all of us are using technological advances in many different ways, also to indicate that it is incontrollable.

Beyonce Giselle Knowles

Who is this fierce hip hop diva that rocks the stage with her amazing danging and singing skills? Who is this singer? She is not only a singer, solely she is also a song writer, record producer, actress, and model who was born and raised in Houston, Texas. Who is she? Bey at one time Giselle Knowles. Beyonce is one of the best and just about successful singer and actress in Hollywood. If find she is not one of these famous people that attract a lot of drama. The main reason this is that she was raised with a good, strong family. She was lucky in the superstar of that her family were wealthy.It came pretty easy for Beyonce to start the pop group Destinys Child, but it is how she was raised that has ultimately contributed to her success and in her ability to make smart decisions that has led her to stand out as a performing artist. Her m different thought of her to be a shy girl. She overcame her shyness and wanted to be ascend a singer and operator once she had a moment on stage. Beyonce started out in a vocalist pop group called Destinys Child. It was a group formed in 1990. The original members were Beyonce Knowles and LaTavia Roberson.They were retributory nine years old when the two met at an audition and became friends. Beyonces father Matthew Knowles, set about developing an act based on the girls singing and rapping on a woefuler floor the name GirlTyme. Kelly Rowland joined the group on 1992 then LeToya Lucket joined in 1993. They spent the next couple of years working their way up to the Houston edict scene. They eventually performed opening acts for famous R&B artists like SWV, Dru Hill, and Immature. Later, in 1997 Destinys Child was offered a recording contract by Columbia Records.After the ordinal Grammy nomination at the 2001 award show LeToya and LaTavia left the group because of management struggles. However, shortly afterwards, Michelle Williams joined the group and they took two awards at the Grammys as the Best R&B Sing and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group. After all this success, the three talented performers intractable to try their hands at solo careers before investing their time in another Destinys Child album. Beyonce, who was the lead singer of the group, captured the spotlight with her sex evoke and strong vocals.In fact, before her first album was organized, she had a hit in 2003 with Jay-Z called Bonnie and Clyde, and was in a movie with Mike Myers in capital of Texas Powers in Goldmember. This shows that she is able to make her own decisions. She was already getting famous for acting as well as singling on her own. This just prepared the fans for what was to come with her hit single, Dangerously In Love, that came out June 2003. 2 Beyonce becoming single opened amy doors for her. Today she is the third most honored woman in Grammy history with a total of 145 awards and 200 nominations.She was nominated and won the Black Reel Awards in 2003, 2004 2007 and 2008 as Best Breakthrough Performance, Best Original or fitting Song and Best Actress. She got nominated on the MTV Movie Awards of 2003 for Austin Powers in Gold Member for the Best Breakthrough Performance and again in 2006 for The garden pink Panther for the Sexiest Performance. In 2007, she was nominated for the movie Dreamgirls for Best Performance and in 2010 she received a nomination for the movie Obsessed for the Best Fight. Beyonce spend most of her time on her career instead of fooling around.She really wanted to accomplish her goal of being a famous singer, and she did. 3 Beyonce is fun and fearless performer in addition to being a multiple Grammy award winner with winning five Grammys in one year. As such an important renown people would expect her to show extreme behaviors like other celebrities. For example doing drugs, going out every night partying, drama, and problems. She keeps everything thing on the down low with her personal life. However, in her private life she shows that she is always in contro l. People will never see Beyonce go crazy. Why? What makes her so different from other celebrities?Beyonce was asked in Webceleb Magazine What keeps you balanced? She responded, My balance comes from my family. I have reality around me, and they tell me when I need to calm down, take it down a couple notches. Then they tell me when I do something good. I think what celebrities lose is that they lose touch with reality. What she means about this quote is that she is surrounded by level headed people all the time. They take care of her and make sure she does not do anything out of control. 4 Beyonce Giselle Knowles a smart independent woman qualification right decisions by the help of her family.

Constructive feedback Essay

Giving constructive feedback is crucial without it learners cannot learn (Rogers, 2004). When used to emphasise progress rather than failure, it motivates learners, building confidence and modify them to recognise faultings as part of a process that brings them closer to their development goals. It can help both teacher and schoolchild to identify further development opportunities or action to be taken.Feedback can be formal, such as after marking an assignment or observing practice, or accustomed colloquially during a lesson (Gravells, 2012.) It can also be written or vocal. Written feedback provides a record of achievement and enables students to revisit comments later and measure relative progress. However, unless clear, it whitethorn be misinterpreted or demotivating. If too lengthy, it can confuse. It takes time to provide written feedback too and, in the meantime, the learner may continue to make the same mistake and then wastes more than time unlearning their response instead of learning new behaviours (Gravells, 2012). Petty (2009) recommends that written feedback is detailed and constructive, and that teachers also talk to students about their work as assignments are handed back to clarify degrees.Verbal feedback is more immediate, particularly when provided during a session. Positive body language, facial expression, tone of voice and a substantiating approach can help to create positive reinforcement, which can enhance prospective learning (Petty, 2009). Tutors direct to be skilled at providing verbal feedback though, as body language can just as easily lead to comments being misconstrued.Verbal feedback also unavoidably to be given at the right time and place, as well as promptly to prevent errors being repeated (Rogers, 2004). Enough time needs to be given for students to realize the feedback and compose any questions. Avis, Fisher and Thompson (2010) say that verbal feedback should form part of a two-way dialogue, an approach that c an be enhanced by allowing the student to assess their work first. This boosts morale by giving the student ownership of the solution. It also develops a students ability to carry out future self assessment and encourages reflection. Lastly, it allows the teacher to gauge how much the student has understood. This helps when setting future goals that are challenging but achievable crucial to engagement.Focusing on only two or three key points during feedback means students are not overwhelmed by any critical comments, preventing them from becoming dispirited (Avis, Fisher and Thompson, 2010). in that respect is also a limit to how much new information a learner can grasp at once. Praising what the student has done well, outlining areas that need further development and then ending on another positive note will motivate the student and help prevent them focusing on any aspect they may perceive as negative. Petty (2009) says this makes feedback sound more like advice and less like cr iticism.For oral feedback to be constructive, it must be clear, jargon free, factual and provide reasons for any success or failure so that students can act upon any areas that require improvement.This is supported by research conducted by Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot (2000 cited in Avis, Fisher and Thompson, 2010, p.172) involving 200 learners, aged from eight to 19. The study found that simple comments, ticks or evaluative comments such as computable work, while welcomed by students as approval, did not help them reach future goals. If feedback focuses on what has been and what could be achieved, rather than criticising failure, learners are also far more likely to be motivated. Wallace (2006, p.84) refers to this as celebrating success.Rogers (2004, p.44) argues that the most crucial aspect of constructive feedback is to criticise the performance, not the person as subjective comments can be viewed as personal prejudices, demotivating and devaluing feedback in the eye of the le arner.Huddleston and Unwin (2008) also point out that feedback should take place throughout the teaching cycle. This means that the teacher can look backward achievement and areas for development as a course of study continues, enabling the students development to be ongoing.Feedback can also be given directly to the individual, on a one-to-one basis, or indirectly as part of a free radical. An advantage to giving feedback to a group is that, providing the group is validating and committed to high standards, peers can offer each other constructive feedback (Rogers, 2004). For some learners, this may be highly motivating and it also offers more mixed bag in how learners receive their evaluation. However, the learning environment must be non-competitive and inclusive to avoid alienating learners and ensure everyone is treated equally and with respect. To keep students motivated, feedback given to individuals during group discussions must be non-judgemental. Comparing students with their peers should be avoided (Avis, Fisher and Thompson, 2010). Petty (2009) recommends that during group questioning, questions are distributed as widely as possible so that everyone feels involved. It follows that, in a safe and inclusive learning environment, feedback should also be possible through group questioning or discussion.It is also vital that all students individual needs are considered. For instance, if a student is dyslexic, written feedback must be provided in a format that works for them, perhaps on coloured paper. Students who are device may prefer verbal feedback or require feedback in Braille.Finally, feedback must be tailored. Brown and Knight (1994 cited in Gray et al., 2004, p.108) outline how students with different learning styles have different expectations of feedback. Deep learners will require detailed feedback to enable understanding surface learners will expect general comments and will not jimmy the relevance of detailed feedback strategic learner s will not welcome detailed comments but need mark-related comments that indicate what they need to do to achieve a break up mark and apathetic learners need comments that encourage them to improve and build their confidence. This points to the need to make feedback diverse and customised to learners personalities and needs (Avis, Fisher and Thompson, 2010) at any given point in the teaching cycle, just as teaching methods must be diverse. This is crucial if feedback is to be understood by students and to maintain their self esteem.

Favorite place

Favorite place BY hi1193 radical jersey is one of fifty states in The United nominates. It is on the north coast bordering the Atlantic Ocean, New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware. It is one of the sm bothest states in the country, but is ranked number one in naughtyest population density. I was natural thither and lived there my whole life, but it wasnt until I relocated that I realise the true beauty of the state. New Jersey (N. J. ) has all the different seasons spring, summertime, autumn, and winter. It has all of the characteristics that gain with the seasons.If you halt ever eard anything about New Jersey, you ease up probably heard about our humid summers and forgozing winters. In the summer, the humidity rises so high that you shtup al slightly cut through the air deal you would a steak. In the winter, the temperature gets so cold, Just being outside for five minutes makes you looking manage you are in the beginning stages of hypothermia. The summer is my favor ite time of year because you get to go to the many beaches in the Jersey shore, located on the coastal southern part of the state. The beaches are beautiful, but the water is muddy and lack, more than or less like what sewer water looks like.My mother loves the spring season because it is when she gets to arising on her garden and yard work for the year. She starts planting all of our favorite vegetables and flowers. The state is known as The Garden State for a reason for it holds some of the most beautiful plant life and gardens you could have ever imagined discovering. Many foreigners complain about the smell of New Jersey on the turnpike in the summer because we get the draft of the garbage being disposed of in New York City, and that smell, mixed with our thick umidity is not a pretty picture.I must admit, to us natives, it is what reminds us that we are dwelling house. New Jersey is kin to a few of historys most prestigious places, like Ellis Island and the Statue of imp roperness, which we share with New York. One of my favorite places to overlook free time is Liberty State Park, which is a beautiful park in the heart of Jersey City, a northern city that borders New York City. Liberty State Park borders the Hudson River and looking out across it at night you pile see the factory smoke-filled ky, but in the daytime you can see the beautiful, sea green, Statue of Liberty.Depending on what time of day you visit the park, you can see the workers cleaning off the erosion on her. New Jersey is withal home to Seton and Rutgers University- two of the finest in the country. The State of New Jersey is a melting pot. It is filled with as many races and religions as you can imagine. It is 79% white, 15% black, and 6% other. 37% of New Jerseys population is of Catholic religion, the rest are non-denominational. Now that I ave left the melting pot, I have realized a few things.One of the things I have realized is that having grown up there I personally feel t hat I am a more open- given(p) individual due to the fact that I was raised around so many different people and cultures. When I was fifteen old age old, I taught myself melted Spanish, Just by being around a predominantly Hispanic population. I teel as it people trom other states, such as Arizona, have almost lost out on being able to have the opportunity to be around many different cultures and types of people.One of the most fascinating things that I have observed about New Jersey is its means of transportation. The main source is your personal automobile, but public transportation doesnt fall too furthest behind. I love getting on the train and going anywhere. I love to look out the window and see the scenery change as we expedition further along. It goes from green shrubbery to black and white cities to the brightest of lights and blackest of night once you enter Manhattan. The train runs very fast, but I always feel like it is not getting to my destination fast enough.Alt hough New Jersey doesnt have many breath taking places to visit, like a lot of other states, it is liquid home to me and I love it. It was my home for my whole life up until six months ago when I moved to Arizona, and I will forever be agreeable for that and cherish and all that New Jersey has to offer. It is a beautiful state with a wonderful variety of people and will continue to be for years to come. It is the state that made me who I am and I feel very proud for that. You know what they always say about people from New Jersey theyre a different breed.Favorite placeFavorite place BY hi1193 New Jersey is one of fifty states in The United States. It is on the northeastern coast bordering the Atlantic Ocean, New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware. It is one of the smallest states in the country, but is ranked number one in highest population density. I was born there and lived there my whole life, but it wasnt until I relocated that I realized the true beauty of the state. New Jersey (N. J. ) has all the different seasons spring, summer, autumn, and winter. It has all of the characteristics that come with the seasons.If you have ever eard anything about New Jersey, you have probably heard about our humid summers and freezing winters. In the summer, the humidity rises so high that you can almost cut through the air like you would a steak. In the winter, the temperature gets so cold, Just being outside for five minutes makes you feel like you are in the beginning stages of hypothermia. The summer is my favorite time of year because you get to go to the many beaches in the Jersey shore, located on the coastal southern part of the state. The beaches are beautiful, but the water is muddy and lack, almost like what sewer water looks like.My mother loves the spring season because it is when she gets to start on her garden and yard work for the year. She starts planting all of our favorite vegetables and flowers. The state is known as The Garden State for a reason for it holds some of the most beautiful plant life and gardens you could have ever imagined seeing. Many foreigners complain about the smell of New Jersey on the turnpike in the summer because we get the draft of the garbage being disposed of in New York City, and that smell, mixed with our thick umidity is not a pretty picture.I must admit, to us natives, it is what reminds us that we are home. New Jersey is home to a few of historys most prestigious places, like Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty, which we share with New York. One of my favorite places to spend free time is Liberty State Park, which is a beautiful park in the heart of Jersey City, a northern city that borders New York City. Liberty State Park borders the Hudson River and looking out across it at night you can see the factory smoke-filled ky, but in the daytime you can see the beautiful, sea green, Statue of Liberty.Depending on what time of day you visit the park, you can see the workers cleaning off the erosion o n her. New Jersey is also home to Seton and Rutgers University- two of the finest in the country. The State of New Jersey is a melting pot. It is filled with as many races and religions as you can imagine. It is 79% white, 15% black, and 6% other. 37% of New Jerseys population is of Catholic religion, the rest are non-denominational. Now that I ave left the melting pot, I have realized a few things.One of the things I have realized is that having grown up there I personally feel that I am a more open- minded individual due to the fact that I was raised around so many different people and cultures. When I was fifteen years old, I taught myself fluent Spanish, Just by being around a predominantly Hispanic population. I teel as it people trom other states, such as Arizona, have almost lost out on being able to have the opportunity to be around many different cultures and types of people.One of the most fascinating things that I have observed about New Jersey is its means of transportat ion. The main source is your personal automobile, but public transportation doesnt fall too far behind. I love getting on the train and going anywhere. I love to look out the window and see the scenery change as we travel further along. It goes from green shrubbery to black and white cities to the brightest of lights and blackest of night once you enter Manhattan. The train runs very fast, but I always feel like it is not getting to my destination fast enough.Although New Jersey doesnt have many breath taking places to visit, like a lot of other states, it is still home to me and I love it. It was my home for my whole life up until six months ago when I moved to Arizona, and I will forever be grateful for that and cherish and all that New Jersey has to offer. It is a beautiful state with a wonderful variety of people and will continue to be for years to come. It is the state that made me who I am and I feel very proud for that. You know what they always say about people from New Jer sey theyre a different breed.

Determinants of the Economic Development in Nepal Essay

Topic Determinants of the economic contractment in NepalEconomics DefinitionA social science that studies, how individuals, brasss, firms and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. Economics can generally be broken down into macroeconomics, which conpenny appreciates on the bearing of the aggregate economy and microeconomics, which focuses on individual consumers. Developing countries / Lower createing countriesA developing country, also called a lower- unquestionable country (LDC) is a nation with a low living standard, undeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries Countries with more advanced economies than other developing nations, moreover without the signs of a developed country, be categorized under the term newly industrialized countriesIntroduction to NepalCOUNTRY DESCRIPTION Nepal is a developing country with capacious tourist facilities, which vary widely in quality and pr ice. The enceinte is Kathmandu. Nepal ended a ten-year Maoist insurgency in November 2006 and established an interim government in January 2007. Since that time, the major governmental parties eat been unable to amaze to an agreement on a new constitution. This stalemate has created an surroundings of political uncertainty, however a c be nonplusr government is in place and the major political parties continue to negotiate to resolve this constitutional crisis.Read the Department of State Fact Sheet on Nepal for special information. Nepal, home to Mount Everest, is dominated by the worlds most imposing mountains. Although the country is relatively small (147,181 square kilometers), 80 percent of its soil is occupied by the hammy peaks of the Himalayas. Nepal was closed to distant visitors until 1951, a situation which contri exclusivelyed greatly to its mystique in the west. This small, hospitable country has since become an exceptionally popular endpoint for travelers, wh ether they are in search of climbing challenges or spiritual enlightenment. Geographical regionsNepal can be divided into three geographical regions, each stretching from eastern to west across the country. The southernmost strip of buck, the Terai, is bordered to the north by Himalayan foothills and to the south by the Ganges River. The area was originally covered with equatorial vegetation, but has been almost completely converted to agricultural turnout. The Terai is now the breadbasket of Nepal and is covered with farms. Nepals 18 million inhabitants belong to dozens of different ethnical groups. They can be divided roughly into Hindu peoples (who live mainly in the lowlands) and Buddhists, who live in mountain villages close to Tibet. Hindus, who make up 90 percent of the population, dominate political and religious life. But Buddhism has a special connection to Nepal Siddhartha Gautama, who was later revered as the Buddha, was born in the Terai in 543 BC. by chance the m ost well- loven Buddhist ethnic group are the Sherpa, who have long been associated with Himalayan mountaineering expeditions. The vast majority of Nepals population makes a living from subsistence agriculture.Religion in NepalHinduism is unspoilt by near 81% of Nepalis, making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindu followers Buddhism is linked historically with Nepal and is practiced by 9%, Islam by 4.4%, Kirat 3%, Christianity 1.4%, and animism 0.4% Historical BackgroundThe formal announcement of the establishment of the National Archives of Nepal was make in the year 1959, and by and by construction of the submit building it officially opened its doors in 1967 under the then Ministry of knowledge and Culture. Its predecessor had been set up with the objective of managing and preserving the manuscripts and historical documents of Bir (or Durbar) Library, (a allurement dating from 1900 belonging to the royal family) and furthering research and publication endeavo rs. Thus the former Durbar Library was renamed as the National Archives of Nepal.The National Archives of Nepal is prominently locate within the premises of Singh Durbar (the central secretariat of the Government of Nepal) on Ramshah Path in Kathmandu.Functions To collect and preserve the nations wealth of archives for present andfuture generations, To receive documents of record, or official copies of such, from government bodies and government-related agencies, To provide access facilities to researchers so that they may consult archival documents and to make available, upon request, duplicate copies of such material, To intimate government bodies and government-related agencies on the safe-keeping of their records, To function as a public records management office for the Government of Nepal. Institutional FrameworkSince Nepal became a federal democratic majority rule in 2008, the National Archives has been under the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Federal Affairs, Co nstituent Assembly, parliamentary affairs and Culture.Working Day & HoursThe National Archives of Nepal is open from 10.00 AM to 4.00 PM from Sunday to Thursday (November to January), 10.00 AM to 5.00 PM from Sunday to Thursday (February to October) and 10.00 AM to 3.00 PM on Friday (all year round). Tourism in NepalIn 2008, 55.9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18.2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for 27.5%, 7.6% were from North America, 3.2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2.6% from Eastern Europe, 1.5% from Central and South America, 0.3% from Africa and 1.4% from other countries. Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 geezerhood As of 2010, 602,855 tourists visited NepalAssociation with foreign OrganizationsNepal is a member of two international organizations that are active in the fields of archival management and preservation. These hold the International Council on Archives (ICA) and the South a nd West Asian Regional Branch of International Council on Archives (SWARBICA). Determinants of the Lower developing countries (NEPAL)* jacket Formation* inhering Resources* Social factors* Political* Unemployment* Education* Crime* Poverty* Authoritarianism* Violence* GIRL TRAFFICKING* ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONAnalysis on five major determinantsCapital formation (annual % growth) in NepalThe Gross ceiling formation (annual % growth) in Nepal was last subject fielded at -8.66 in 2011, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Annual growth rate of gross capital formation is ground on constant local cash. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on) plant, machinery, and equipment purchases and the construction of roa ds, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings.Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and work in progress. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecasts for Gross capital formation (annual % growth) in Nepal. Capital formation in Nepal is hugely depending upon the tourism. As Nepal is the house of Mountain Everest. But only from the tourism, Nepal cannot accumulate, the require capital for their country. batch do not have the ability for the high volume of saving, due to low level of income/ wages. There are no financial institutes in Nepal to improve the financial position of the family. Due to the low level of saving and less capital formation ways Nepal is unable to be a developed country. Some capital formation ways in Nepal* The Nepal government has allowed Indian infrastructure major GMR to ontogenesis the authorized capital in its hydro power projects in Nepal to Rs 190 loading while also extending its survey license by six months. * SMART TRAVELER ENROLLMENT PROGRAM (STEP)/EMBASSY LOCATION * Tourism if the one of the biggest way to increase capital in Nepal. * The biggest natural museum in the world in Nepal creates the revenue. applied scienceNepal has been a late starter in modem science and technology. In pursuance of self- reliance, it developed technological capabilities in some specific areas such as agriculture, civil engineering, architecture, metallurgy, water supply management, medicine, textile and paper manufacture, dyeing and food technology. Its segregation for over a century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West and colonial spread in India, deprived the country from the advances in Technology elsewhere. After the beginning of body politi c in 1950, the country embarked on the path of modernization. An initiation in Technology activities took place, along with the inception of a development plan, in 1956. The Technology sector legitimate its due importance in development plan in the Sixth Plan (1980-85).Nepals new constitution, primal gated in 1990, has emphasized the importance of Technology clearly by including a Directive Principle to promote its advancement. Major Technology organizations, including a science academy, the Ministry for Science and Technology, and several research centers and institutions for higher(prenominal) tuition in science have evolved during last five decades. However, with the low ratio of S&T manpower (0.4 per 1, 000 population) and low R&D expenditure (0.35 per cent of GNP), Nepal faces terrifying challenges seeking political commitments with long-term vision and recognition of S&T as the strategic variable for overall national development.Technology subnormality lays a huge space in Nepal. People of Nepal still have the backwardness in their mind. As analyzing the technological progress in Nepal, we have come to know that there is neither invention nor innovation in Nepal, no improvement in the ways of communication levels. Very few people of Nepal know about the internet. Scientific research is almost zero in Nepal. Ass studying the economics, progress of the country depends upon the productivity and efficiency of the people but in Nepal there is a strong backwardness in the mind of thepeople. NATURAL RESOURCES IN NEPALNepal is a small country but it is rich in indwelling Resources. These natural resources are the gifts of the nature. Some of the important natural resources of Nepal are Forest, Water, Soil or Land. FORESTForest is one of the important natural resources. Different types of forests are found in different regions of Nepal. It occupies about 37% of the good land of Nepal. Forest is the source of all wood-based industries. Industries like paper, furniture and woodland are based on the forest. Forests are rich in herbs. The herbs have medicinal values. Many medicines are made from these herbs. Timber and herbs are valuable natural resources. The value of timber and herbs is very high in the world market.There are many kinds of animals in the forests of Nepal. Forests provide food and shelter for these animals. Animals and birds add to the natural beauty of the country. People from many countries come to Nepal to see these beautiful birds and exotic wildlife. Many types of fruit and grasses grow in forests. People depend on them for their living and also to climb up their livestock.WATERWater is the most important natural resource of Nepal. Nepal is rich in water resource. Nature has been very kind to us by providing us with unlimited supply of water. Nepal is the second richest in the water resources in the world afterward Brazil.Nepal is a landlocked country. So Nepal does not have access to the sea or oceans. But there are lots of rivers that flow from the Himalayas. When snow melts in the Himalayas, the glacier and rivers are formed. The rivers flow done the mountain regions to the Terai. The main rivers of Nepal are Mechi, Koshi, Narayani, Gandaki, Karnali and Mahakali. These rivers have several tributaries. In addition to these Kankai, Bagmati, Trishuli, Marshyangi, Seti, Rapti, Bheri and also important rivers of Nepal. The majorhydro-electricity projects are* Kaligandaki 144MW* Marsyangdi 75MW* Kulekhani I 60MW* Bhote Koshi 36MW* Khimti 60MW* Kulekhani 32MWLAND/SOILLand is the other natural resource of Nepal. In Nepal most people depend on land. They do farming and earn their living from land. Land includes soil and minerals. The cultivable land in Nepal is about 17%. About 38% of the land is rocky and covered with snow. Soil is an important factor for agriculture. It is not possible for people and animals to live on earth without soil. The land in Terai is very fertile. It is good for agricu lture. So, the productivity of Terai is very high. The terai region is the storehouse of food grains. It is called the green belt of Nepal. There are many hills and mountains in Nepal. The rear is rugged and sloppy in the hills. When rainfall is heavy the top soil of the hills is washed away. Then it causes landslides. So, the trees should be planted and conserved to protect soil in the hills. Plants are the only means to hold the soil tightly and to stop erosion.MINERALSMinerals like slate, stone, rock, coal, iron, copper, limestone, magnesite, mica and natural gas are natural resources. The marbles are made of rocks. Limestones are used in cement industries. Hetauda and Udaypur cement factories are the examples of such industries.Nepal is quite rich in mineral resources. Mineral deposits such as gold, mica, limestone, iron ore, copper are found in different parts of Nepal. Because of financial constraint and want of technical and skilled manpower, progress in the field of mining is negligible. If we utilize the mineralresources of Nepal properly, we can earn foreign currencies and people will get calling opportunities also. The areas where minerals are found are as follows1. copper Buddha Khola (Bandipur), Gyari (Gorkha), Arghauli (Chisapani), Taplejung, Ilam, Baitadi, etc. 2. Iron Ramechhap, Labdhi Khola, Pyuthan, Bhainse, Kulekhani, Bhutkhola, Phulchoki, Ghatkhola, etc. 3. Mica Bhojpur, Chainpur, Lamjung, Dhankuta, Nuwakot, Sindhuligadhi, etc. 4. Limestone Chovar (Kathmandu), Baise (Makawanpur), Udayapur. The biggest natural museum in the worldNepal covers a span of 147,181 sq. kilometers ranging from altitude of 70 meters to 8,848 meters. Mountains, mid hills, valleys and plains dominate the geographics of landlocked Nepal that extends from the Himalayan range in the north to the Indo-Gangetic lowlands in south. Mt. Everest, the highest point of the Himalayas is in Nepal. PovertyNepal has a high poverty rate. Large numbers of Nepalis lack health and sa nitation facilities and are too thin and illiterate. Many people either have jobs that do not pay enough to survive or are un apply. Death rates are high among children and people often cannot find sufficient housing. The country as a whole is struggling to develop economically. This means that the country needs appropriate and sustainable productive activities or more industry to provide jobs for the people.UnemploymentAs studying the Nepal we have came to know that the unemployment rate in Nepal is 46%. Cases of suicides and homicides associated with poverty have increased by 31% in Nepal according to a police report linked to the dramatic political and economic crisis experienced by the country last year. With an unemployment rate of 46% and an average income per capita of 1,300 U.S. dollars per year, Nepal is one of the poorest states in the world. According to World Bank data, about 55% of the population lives below the poverty line. Nowadays, this problem is a burning challeng e in Nepal. Many people are unemployed in Nepal. The number of them is quick increasing. Therefore, it is a serious problem in Nepal.There are many causes of unemployment in Nepal. Nepal is an agro-based country. Firstly many peopleare employed in agriculture, but now days it is a trend of leaving agriculture is increasing. People feel that agriculture is not economically beneficial. They go to towns to look for good job but they cant get any job easily and become unemployed. Secondly, some improve people are extremely traditional. They think that educated people should not start simple job they stay at home being jobless. Thirdly, most of the students in Nepal are getting general education. They do not have apt knowledge and skill of technical and practical education. Fourthly, the job opportunity in Nepal is very limited. So the problems of unemployment produced criminal activities in Nepal. EducationModern education in Nepal began with the establishment of the first school in 1 853 this school was only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers. Schooling for the general people began only after 1951 when a popular movement ended the autocratic Rana family regime and initiated a democratic system. In the past 50 years, there has been a dramatic expansion of education facilities in the country. As a result, adult literacy (age 15+) of the country was reported to be 48.2% (female 34.6%, male 62.2%) in the Population Census, 2001, up from about 5% in 195254.Beginning from about 300 schools and two colleges with about 10,000 students in 1951, there now are 49,000 schools (including higher secondary), 415 colleges, five universities, and two academies of higher studies. Altogether 7.2 million students are enrolled in those schools and colleges who are served by more than 222,000 teachers. Education management, quality, relevance, and access are some of the critical issues of education in Nepal. social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, loca tion, economic class, etc. are yet to be eliminated. Resource crunch has always been a problem in education. These problems have made the goal of education for all a challenge for the country.Education is the way that can change the backwardness in the mind of Nepalis. Education can take them to the glory of success and they will realize the things they have in their country. They are not using the resources they have in their country like natural museum, water resources, mountain resources, etcConclusion & SuggestionsNepal is one of the poorest countries in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopmentincluding terrain, lack of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of policies conducive to development.The Nepalese rupee was linked to the Indian rupee. Since the late 1960s, the universal currency has been Nepalese, although as of 1991 Indian currency still was used as convertible currency. During the trade and transit dispute of 1989, however, Kathmandu made convertibility of the Indian rupee more difficult. Nepal suffered from an underdeveloped infrastructure. This problem was exacerbated by a weak public investment program and ineffective administrative services. Economic development plans sought to improve the infrastructure but were implemented at the expense of investment in direct production and resulted in a slow growth rate.Deforestation caused erosion and complicated cultivation, affecting the future productivity of agricultural lands. Although several laws to counter degradation had been enacted, the results were modest, and government plans for afforestation had not met their targets. The government also established the Timber Corporation of Nepal, the Fuelwood Corporation, and the Forest Products Development Bo ard to result the forests in such a way that their degradation would be retarded. In 1988-89 the Fuelwood Corporation merged with the Timber Corporation of Nepal, but forest management through these and other government agencies had made very little progress. In FY 1989, more than 28,000 hectares were targeted for afforestation, but only approximately 23,000 hectares were afforested that year.Industry accounted for less than 20 percent of total GDP in the 1980s. Relatively small by international standards, most of the industries established in the 1950s and 1960s were developed with government protection. Traditional bungalow industries, including basket-weaving as well as cotton fabric and edible oil production, comprised approximately 60 percent of industrial output there also were efforts to develop cottageindustries to produce furniture, soap, and textiles. The remainder of industrial output came from modern industries, such as jute mills, cigarette factories, and cement plant s.The most important mineral resources exploited were limestone for cement, clay, garnet, magnetite, and talc. sensitive magnetite production declined from a high of approximately 63,200 tons in 1986 to approximately 28,000 tons in 1989 it was projected to decline further to 25,000 tons in 1990. Tourism was a major source of foreign exchange earnings. Especially since Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) was first climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tensing Sherpa in 1953, the Himalayas have attracted foreigners to Nepal. Mountaineering and hiking were of long interest as were rafting, canoeing, and hang gliding. Tourism was facilitated with the opening of airways to Kathmandu and other parts of the country and the easing of travel restrictions.Remittances by the Nepalese workforce employed overseas will remain an important source of income and economic growth. Nepal must strengthen the employability of its workers in better paying jobs outside the country.The World Bank is portion Nepal tackle the main growth constraints through a mix of analytical work, technical assistance, and lending.Nepal has benefited from the special trade and employment agreements with India. To increase productivity and derive the maximum benefit from international trade with both India and other countries,Nepal needs to* Improve trade logistics, customs and tax procedures* Remove the anti-export favoritism* Undertake measures to increase battle of Nepali products and make the country an attractive investment destination * If Nepal continues being prudent with fiscal management and focuses on investments into infrastructure and creating a political environment that is supportivefor businesses, the country can achieve significant growth in the upcoming years.

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay

Information applied science has undoubtedly played heavy role of transforming the operation, management and the overall surgical process of many placement of ruless. Similarly, its evaluate that reading technology would show more or less same impact of results in the healthcargon geological formations. That is, the employment of IT dodging in the provision of health c be serve ups will mitigate the timbre of service provision in the industry.Generally, the term quality is used not in its simplest form scarcely has been used in its complex form, which is primarily meant to incorporate returns of the functioning of the different healthcare departments unitedly with the affiliated nerves which form part or participate in one way or some separate in the process of delivering health care service (Berg, 2001). Despite the fact that there has been incr comforterd coronation in the healthcare industry, recent research has shown that the inlet of IT operate/products is f ar much less in the healthcare industry as compared with the manipulation rate of organizations in new(prenominal) firmaments.Moreover, the large world commonwealth in developed countries or states like in the UK, USA among others access to high-quality healthcare services. While its known that not all individuals in the developed nations are well up, the poor and the middle category group experience a lot of obstacles as they endeavor to access healthcare services and their cogitate products such as acquisition of healthcare insurance cover and payment of hospital bills.With the low consumption rate of the IT services by the healthcare organizations in al well-nigh developed nations, this has led to provisions of stingy services to the poor, but its postulated changing to intensive IT consumption would mitigate the situation (Fournier, 2003). Significance of victimisation EMR frame There are several reasons for the embracing of IT systems in the healthcare industry. Depen ding on different stance of the focus, the use IT system has been used to bring an evolution in the healthcare provision.Like in other industries dealing with provisions of services and products different from those of healthcare industry, the executing of IT services in the healthcare sector is aimed at bringing an evolution both in the performance and quality of the services delivered to the consumers. For the last deuce or three decades back, many organizations hand over put more efforts in the funding of healthcare service provision, in order to have a turn from the traditional record keeping practices. The adoption of the E- recording has and so been viewed as major step towards achieving a greater improvement in the healthcare overall performance.The consumption of IT services though is at low rates, the benefit accrued from the few ways in which it has been jailed is enormous. In the area of medical records and record keeping, healthcare industry is adopting to the IT sy stem to solve the problem of complexity in their system. First and foremost, the utilization of IT systems in medical record and recording reduces the time of production, spaces and transfer duration, therefore leading to overall decrease in the expenditure cost of the record management (Berg, 2001). Facility evaluationThe EMR facility is a sophisticated instrument which comprises of different parts for the accomplishment of the recording and storage of healthcare data and information. The equipments components include both computing device hardware as well as computer software that support its data processing, storage operations and management. The major physical parts of the facility are the mainframe together with its accessory components, while the non-physical component included the operating software and the special EMR software, which permit the performance of multiples tasks of healthcare.The special software is an advanced one which enables data entry through use of c licks, reducing the mensuration of keyboard typing. This means that the EMR facility supports the input of enormous data into the healthcare records with ease. The advanced software not unaccompanied wires information in the word formats but it in any case supports the use of the imagery or photographic bets, importation that its a complete storage system of healthcare information. Cost of EMR system The EMR system is a model that occupies the least space in data storage systems. Though it has a multi-task purpose, the costs peradventure is at moderate rate.EMR costs are computed from the various variables or components which are needed in the implementation of the system inside an organization. The costs of implementing EMR are identified in two classes, viz the purchasing and installation system cost and the maintenance cost. Usually, prior to the installation of the EMR system, the CPU and computer accessories must be grease ones palmsd. Additionally, the clinicians and ph ysician are without the knowledge of developing the superior software which allows the carrying out of the various functions of data storage and processing.Currently, the prices of a computer range from $ 7000 to &7500, while the software prices are estimated in the range of $1000 to $1500 which are inclusive of the authorize charges. The grant installation expenses of the hardware and the software within the healthcare premise is approximated at $ 3500, but this repeat is not inclusive of the implementation expenses which incorporates the costs incurred during the adoption of the new systems. A part from the equipment and software costs, other indirect expenses are incurred in the courses of running the systems the maintenance costs which are at about $ 2000 per annum (Fournier, 2003). formula implications The utilization of the EMR systems in hospitals will have great impacts on the regulation and management of information within the healthcare provider organizations. Among the anticipated outcomes is that the use of this system would save time taken in retrieving tolerants information as well as hasten transferring of the information to any other organization or party where its needed. By doing so, both insurance organizations and organizations acting as referral healthcare services providers will have broader based of the assessment the patients health progress.While this system active Electronic signatures that are unique, its a practice that reduces the risks associated with the heavy use of personalized signatures that can change with time or maybe forgotten. Barriers to EMR systems As revealed in a number of healthcare organization that have endeavored to install the new EMR system in their organization, there are several challenges are generally face up by firms implementing the system. According to the disclosed information, the initial outlay or capital is extremely high to be met within the current budget on healthcare development.The lean bud getary range bars the purchase of crucial and basic equipments such as power backups to ensure data inputs and output operations are not halted due blackouts or brown out that adversely affect the quality of service delivery. Considering that most have workers have been used to the old system of paper work, its undoubtedly overt that most of them will be disturbed of the implementation of the system (Miller, 2004). The employment of EMR system mean that much work would be accomplished by a few clinicians and physician workers, a case that actually acts as a threat to job security for some of the employees.To take the full benefits of the systems, its very important for the training of the staffs, particularly to empower them in the use of installed system. This calls for the payment of the training service from external organization/firms as the organization has got no training personnel with the required knowledge, experience and proficient of the installed system. The hiring of th e new trainers is not ease as their cost falls out of the current budget.The handling of the new system of EMR also demands the use of shared devices such as serves, which implies that the company would have to hire additional staff to prevail the networks and the servers. Fraud and waste issues The implementation of the EMR systems within the organization has the ability of curbing certain problems experienced in the course of management and activity accomplishment. Usually, most of the organization depending on the traditional paper work recording depicted a lot of movements from one place to another.This indicates poor integration or communication amongst individuals at different departments. Sometimes, this increases the duration of the patients stay within the healthcare facility. Thus, the employment of the EMR system reduces the waste of healthcare facilities by eliminating or reducing many personnel movements, meanwhile leading to improvement on patients safety and general service delivery. Though EMR systems is appealing way of ameliorate the clinicians and physicians work effectiveness, high risks on privacy and confidence are associated with this kind of system.System hacking together with ease of reproducing the data in this system acts as the greatest threat to the use of the methodology (Miller, 2004) EMR Implementation The hobby are steps of implementing an EMR system Selection of the most suitable EMR to be adopted by the organization Compose a lead team to campaign for the EMR system Generate an implementation plan be given/choosing the required equipments and software Training the organizations staffs Select security provider to the data/ information sites Input the selected data of interest TimelineThe first day will be the discussion on the periphrasis experienced within the organizations so as to determine the appropriate EMR system. The second day will be formation of a steering team that would work together towards ensuring success of the project. Third will be generation of a list of items equipments and software that would be used. Then, this will be followed by the installation of the system that would take a bout a week. This will run concurrently with the training of the staff members on the new system though the training will be extended by another week for practical skill acquisition.

Respecting Others Religions Essay

I think it is very important to respect other peoples devotions because it can urinate a conflicts between people, perfect examples of conflicts because of righteousness are the wars that go on in the world today. You mustiness be conscious and respectful when talking about other peoples religions, insulting some one elses religion is insulting something very meaningful to them and also insulting them. Just because people do not fate the deal religion does not view either more or less smart,pure,evil.If you look at the bigger picture, most religions share common teachings,beliefs,and morals to live by such as acquit compassion and respect for everyone,all humanity is united,peace and nonviolence,and no killing,lying,or stealing. Another land to be respectful towards someone else religion is because it can bring unlike cultures closer together. Respecting and accepting each others religions means one less reason to discriminate others and less conflicts and fights.You can re spect someone elses religion by trying to actualise their beliefs and their point of view of the world, you dont digest to agree with it and you dont need to institutionalise it but you do not need to disrespect it if you strongly disagree or attempt to make them change their religion simply because you do not agree with theirs. A simple way to rid of problems when or misunderstanding when going to another country is to study a bit about the raw material customs and religion before you go.Also, do not judge someone by the religion they follow, judge them on their character as a person, do not discriminate them because they practice a different religion from yours because they could be a very kind and intelligent person and you will never know. I think that we can all learn something from each others religions like I learned from Buddhism that the way to contraceptive diaphragm suffering is to stop wanting worldly things, and that is true.We always want more of anything, so we are never truly happy, and the way to achieve inner peace is to stop wanting and to accept and value the things that we already possess and cherish the things that do not cost money yet bring happiness. I intend that wether you choose to follow different religions or not you at all you still learn from one another and it can make the world a better place. We serious need to learn to accept,understand,and be willing to learn from one another. By being respectful to one another we can inning new bonds and bring people closer together,you dont all need to follow the same religion to be a good person.To be a good person is the choice you have to make on your own. I think we should all respect each others beliefs and treat others as we ourselves would like to be treated. Religions may seem silly to some people, and sometimes it seems silly to me too, but it is what gives people hope,what keeps them on the right path to be a good person,what inspires them to try to learn and try their best and it just gives them hope. Religion in the end is a choice and you should be free to commit what you want to believe or not believe in anything at all but you should always be prize for your choices.

Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Assignment on Employee offices and excogitate propitiation D wizard and only(a) by T. K. Cedric wan Wing Kai(081461) Cohort BSc (Hons) Human Resource Management 09 Part Time Table of Contents entrance focal point.. 3 Employee Attitude4 * Features of Attitudes. 4 Attitudes, Opinions and Beliefs. 5 Factors in Attitude formation 6 Methods of Attitude change. 6 value and stances. Values and Behavior. 7 Attitude of employees towards the makeup.. 8 channel Satisfaction9 furrow Design9 Models of hypothecate Satisfaction.. 9 * Affect hypothesis9 * Dis locatingal possible action. 10 * Two-Factor surmise10 Measuring Job Satisfaction. 11 Superior-Subordinate colloquy. 1 Relationships and Practical implications.. 12 Employee Attitudes in Relation to Job Satisfaction. 12 References 13 Job expiation is an attitude, bargonly researches should clearly distinguish among cognitive valuation which be emotions, beliefs and behaviors, Weiss(2002) Introduction The look one is fulfi l with ones assembly line depends on many factors. Both internal and out-of-door factors affect the attitudes of employees which lead to comfort or dis enjoyment in ones theorise. What makes employees happy?Are they more productive when happy or less productive when happy? What atomic number 18 the causes of employee attitudes? What is the impact of positive and contr everyplacet undertaking delight on the employees? How to influence employee attitudes? All those questions are going to be answered in this instruct of Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. People save their own beliefs, norms and views. Due to this, employees will non alship canal be keep in the equivalent way as they are not the same, even though they may be playacting the same job at a same given train. Job satisfaction is referred to how more than an employee is convenient and happy with his or her job.The happier pile are with their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Employee Attitude As it has been briefly stated in the introduction, employees have attitudes or point of views slightly different aspects of their jobs, their career and the organization in which they sketch. Allport defines attitude as follows Attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the undivideds reply to completely objects and situations with which it is related Features of attitude Attitudes affect an single(a)s behavior making him ready to respond every favorably or unfavorably to things in his purlieu. * Attitudes are acquired through a learning process over a period of time. It is a never-ending process that starts from childhood throughout the life of a person. * Attitudes digestnot be seen with the naked eyes because they are psychological phenomenon which cannot be observed directly. They can be examined by find the behavior of an individual. * Attitudes are pervasive and every individual has some kind of attitude towards objects in his surroundings.In fact, attitudes are forced in the socialization process and may relate to anything in his environment. Attitude, Opinion and Belief An stamp is in general ones judgmental expression of a particular set of facts, an evaluation of the circumstances presented to him. Thurstone defines opinion as a response to a specific everyy limited stimulus, but the response is certainly influenced by the predisposition with, with the individual is operating, that is, the attitude structure. A difference can as well as be made between attitude and belief.A belief is an enduring organization of perceptions and cognitions about some aspects of individual world whereas belief is a hypothesis concerning the nature of objects, more particularly, concerning ones judgement of the fortune regarding the nature. In this sense, belief is the cognitive component of attitude which reflects the manner in which an object is perceived. The difference betwee n attitude, opinion and belief exists on conceptual basis. Most researchers believe that these three terms are so closely tied that it is difficult to separate them except on a limited conceptual basis.Many psychologists hitherto ideate that attitudes are more important to human behavior than are the related aspects. For instance, more efforts have been put into analyzing attitudes rather than new(prenominal)s. It is obvious to say that attitudes are an important concern because of their briny position in the process of changing work perquisites in efforts. Attitude itself do not influence behavior but these acts with other factors in the individual influencing behavior, such as personality, perception, motivation and others. Further, attitudes are also affected by the individual dimension as well as the objects, persons and ideas.Attitudes have been through as serving quaternity voices and there by influencing the behavior. These are 1. Instrumental Attitude are a way to re ach a desired objective or to avoid an unwanted one. Instrumental attitude are aro utilize by the activation of a need or cues that are associated with the attitude object and arouse favorable or unfavorable feelings. 2. Ego-Defensive The ego-defensive functions of attitude focus on the importance of psychological thought. Attitude may be acquired by facing threats in the external world or becoming aware of his own unacceptable impulses. . The prize Orientation function takes into account attitudes that are held because they express a persons self-image, or by cues that engage the persons determine and make them salient to him. 4. Knowledge The knowledge function of attitude is based on a persons need to maintain a stable, organized and meaty structure of the world. 5. Attitude that gives a standard against which someone evaluates the facets of his world and use it as the knowledge function too. These functions of attitudes affect the individuals way of interpreting the knowl edge coming to him.Since they affect work requirements and work responses, information about the way people feel about their jobs can be very multipurpose in way people will behave about their job. Thus, these types of attitudes can create areas of enquiry for making the employee and the organization more compatible. Factors in Attitude Formation The attitudes are learned. Generally, an individual learn things from his surroundings, that is, the environment in which they interact, even though there are different approaches to learning those. Thus, for an attitude to be formed, all the factors from which people learn must be taken into consideration.Such factors may be examined in terms of groups starting from the family itself as a group, an individual moves in a close group, then to larger groups, and finally to the society as a whole. Being part of these groups, the individuals psychology which makes up his personality particularly, is also trusty for behavior and attitudes. Met hods of Attitude Change There are various ways through which a positively attitude change can be brought. Cohen has suggested four methods for attitude change 1. Communication of additional information 2.Approval or disapproval of a particular attitude 3. Group influence 4. Inducing engagement in discrepant behavior. In any way, all these methods involve getting to know discrepancies among the elements making up the individuals attitudes. From an organizational point of view, a Manager can take the adjacent actions making attitudes of members of the organization to change. * Group action * Persuasion through leadership * Persuasion through communication and * Influence of add up situation These actions involve analysis of different aspects affecting a particular action. Values and AttitudesSome researchers view value as being made of large groups of related attitudes. For instance, Fishbein and Ajzen have included two components in attitudes-informational and emotional. Thus, they have taken values as a part of attitudes. However, there are some differences between values and attitudes. Attitudes are specific and related to distinct objects which are people or ideas. Values are more general than attitudes. Statement of values that people have generally is often perceived as untroubled or bad. Values are beliefs about which attitudes we should have or not. Values and BehaviorThe behavior of people is given by the values which they embrace, particularly in terms of those stimuli which have some value orientation in the organizational context, understanding the influence of individual value system on the behavior of individuals in the following ways * Values influence the way an individual perceives problems he or she faces and also the decision he or she makes to tackle those problems. * Values influences the way in which someone looks at other people and groups of people, that is, interpersonal apprisalship. Values are the base of interpersonal relationshi p interactions. People judge organizational success as well as its achievement of the basis of their value system. Thus, for some people, organizational success may be in the form of high- profit earning irrespective of the means adopted whereas, this may be a rocky thing for others. * Individuals determine whether behaviors that they adopt are either ethical or unethical whether towards themselves or others * Values determine the extent to which employees accept organizational pressures and goals. If these do not correspond to the values held by them, they meet the organizational pressures and objectives, and even quit their job.Attitudes of Employees towards the Organization Attitudes and values are not the same but they are interrelated. It can be seen by examining the three components of attitudes which are cognition, affect and behavior. The belief that discrimination is wrong is a value statement. * Cognitive Component of an Attitude It sets the phase for the more important part of an attitude and is reflected in the statements of evaluation concerning objects, people or events. The behavioral component of an attitude refers to an intentional way to act in a certain manner towards someone or something.In an Organization, attitudes are crucial, because they affect job behavior. If for instance, employees believe that their superiors and other people at managerial takes are all doing a conspiracy to make them work harder for the same wage, then, it is important to try to comprehend how those attitudes that reflect their beliefs were formed and how those can be changed. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job. Job satisfaction describes how happy an employee is with his or her job.People are said to be more satisfied the happier they are with their job. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked, that is, someone will be more motivated to work if he or she likes the job being practiced by the latter. Job Design Job design tries to improve job satisfaction along with performance. The methods used include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, say-so and autonomous work position.Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. Rating outstrips are mostly used to measure the level of job satisfaction. Employees are brought to report their reactions to their jobs. The questions are relative to the rate of pay, work responsibilities, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities, the work itself and co-workers. Models of Job Satisfaction Affect Theory Edwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction baby-sit.The main principle of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job a nd what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e. g. the degree of familiarity in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are or arent met. When a person likes a specific facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesnt value that facet.For example, if a certain Employee A prefers autonomy in the workspace and another Employee B does not care about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that allows a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied with little or no autonomy as compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will heighten stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. Dispositional Theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory.It is a theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. This approach became a considerable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory) Frederick Hertzbergs Two factor theory, also known as motivator hygiene theory, attempts to explain satisfaction in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors hich are motivation and hygiene factors respectively. An employees motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to reach personal and organizational goals. Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in wo rk, recognition, promotion opportunities. These cause factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job or the work carried out.Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions While Hertzbergs illustration has stimulated much research, researchers have not been able to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman & Oldham suggesting that Hertzbergs original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifact. Moreover, the theory does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to change in motivating/hygiene factors.Finally, the model has been criticized in that it does not specify how motivating and hygiene factors are to be measured. Measuring Job Satisfaction There are many methods for measuring job satisfaction. By far, the most common method for collecting data regarding job satisfaction is the Likert Scale named after Rensis Likert. A Likert Scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale even though the two are not synonyms.When responding to a Likert questionnaire, participators specify their level of agreement to a statement. Other less common methods used for measuring job satisfaction include yes/no question, True/False questions, point systems, checklists and forced select answers. This data is typically collected using an Enterprise Feedback Management system. The Job Descriptive Index(JDI), created by Smith, Kendall & Hulin(1969), is a specific questionnaire of job satisfaction that has been widely used. It measures ones satisfaction in five ways pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision and the work itself.Superior-Subordinate Communication Superior-subordinate communication influences greatly job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which a subordinate perceives a supervisors behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, frank expression and body movement is crucial to the superior-subordinate relationship. Non verbal messages can play a central intention in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence and satisfaction.Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisors are less willing to communicate or be motivated to work whereas individuals who like and think positively about their supervisor are most likely to communicate and be satisfied with their job and work environment. The relationship a subordinate holds with their supervisor is a very important aspect in the workplace. Relationships and practical implications Job satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviors such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism and turnover.Further, job satisfaction can partially middle the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors. One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction. This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with life tend to be satisfied with their job and people who are satisfied with their job ten to be satisfied in life. However, some research has found that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction when other variables such as non-work satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account. Employee attitude in relation to Job SatisfactionEmployees in a work place will not have the same attitudes and level of job satisfaction. Because of various factors such as age, race, sex, religion, values, beliefs, and many other factors, employees will react very otherwise from one another within a work place. Peop le perceive things differently and will lastly not feel the same in a job, even though conditions such as wage, environment and management are the same. Some employees may be more satisfied than others. References http//www. wikipedia. org http//www. scribd. com Essentials of Organisational Behavior by Stephen Robbins, herds grass Judge http//books. google. com

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay

1. discern and fully describe the main developments of run dusts, giving examples of their origins and use. Batch Operating Systems were an early operational placement available, and were first introduced in the mid 50s. They were designed to make human manual work easier existence were replicating identical pedigrees over and over over again, hence in batch. A batch in operation(p) strategy keeps itself consequential it does this by taking jobs from a batch queue, instead of waiting for people to submit jobs.The jobs be thusly affected one or more at a age under hear of the in operation(p)(a) form, b atomic number 18ly well-nigh jobs undertaken in this in operation(p) agreement would be single- project. These flake of operating scheme were ofttimes left to work long, mainly because the jobs were batched the adjacent job in the queue would be commenced as currently as the previous job had been completed, this way of touch on would leave behind for a larg e work debase to be automatic every(prenominal)y completed with away the requirement to wait and tell the computer to do the next job. true Time Operating Systems (RTOS) atomic number 18 often embedded, meaning a integral part of a formation inside an other device.They have truly little drug user interface strength. Real time operating systems like their arrive at implies, respond to an input immediately. Real time operating systems are capable of performanceing selective information so quickly that the results are available to influence the activity currently taking place. Computer recognition 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996 Real time operating systems guarantee a certain capability within a specified time constraint these time constraints are usually very rigid. If the system does not conform to this time limit, the system ultimately fails.They are utilise for various purposes a a few(prenominal) of these are medical equipment, industrial control s ystems and car computers. Parallel Systems have more than one mainframe to carry out a single job. The systems often carry out one single job using the resources of both addressors of the machine however some systems will have a processor utilize to a single task. These operations work in parallel (side by side) of one other. Distributed Systems act as an illusion to a user. A multiple fleck of nodes are set up on a network, to grant entropy access or device sharing.This suspends for other users of different machines to access selective information on another machine on the network. For example at college a student logs on to the machine, the machine feelms elevationical anaesthetic to the user, the user complys the system as using its own local drives and devices. However these Drives and devices are setup on a client-server machine but appear to be local to the user. Time Sharing Operating Systems allow multi-tasking, the operating system shares a slice of the proces sor resources to designated programs and users logged on to the system.For example, it is not unusual for a category user to have a word processing mailboat, internet browser and a multimedia package to be open at the same time. Microsoft Windows is a great example for allowing this. Personal Computer Operating Systems were brought about in the early 70s. However it wasnt until the 1980s that they became popular, and the focus of the operating system changed from the awkwardware aspect, to that of the user interface (how the user observes the operating system). Personal Computer Systems are simply operating systems that share the processors resources for single users tasks.The main concept behind personal computer operating systems is the user interface. The workings are important however the main principal is that the user is entirely synergetic with the system. These are perhaps the most difficult for designers to produce, as a very high level companionship of user interface design is necessary. This is to allow users of any level to use the system comfortably. It allows for considerable force-out for a single user to run high-tech graphics and multimedia packages. These operating systems evolved in to very capable systems, allowing for heavy multi-tasking usage.Examples of Personal Computer operating systems are as follows Microsoft Windows Linux Apple Macintosh mack OS 2. Identify and fully describe the main purposes of an operating system. All components of the operating system are required to be covered, to clearly show an understanding of what each component does and how they fit into the overall system design. motion attention Process management is a way of tracking processes and managing them in such a way that at that place is enough processor resources to correctly function. Process is another word for a task that is to be performed by the computer.Along with a process is a set of information about the specific process. The information r equired to track these processes are fundd in a information package called a Process Control Block (PCB). The process control block contains the following information about a process An identification number that uniquely identifies the process Owner ID An identification of the user/device who the process belongs to antecedency A number to represent its priority to the system Status What its current put up is. This is 1 of 3 advances (Ready, Waiting, Running).Units of Processor Time Used imaginativenesss waiting for for example paper for the printer. Link to Another PCB Registers the registers the process has content in. Process ID 239845 Owner ID Chris. Oliver antecedence 25 Status Waiting Units of Processor Time Used 264 Resource waiting for Disks printer Link to another PCB Next PCB in wait Queue Registers Contents of registers when process outlive stopped running An example of a PCB is shown below this is for a print job A Processes state is drawmatically shown below, this shows state transition and how it works.A process target be in one of quintet states these five states are as follows State Definition HOLD A processs state at the beginning, this is when the devices and memory allocation size of it is decided. READY this state is when the process has been al descendd all the resources required and is restore for being operated on by the computer RUNNING This state is when the process is in the CPU postponement This is when the process stops because of an input or output waiting to be completed. The process is re unraveld from the processor and is allocated this state. It is given this state until the input or output is given the all clear.FINISHED This is when the process has been finished, and all the devices employ by the process have been released look aty for the next process. Deadlocks Deadlocks occur when a multiple number of processes fight for very little resources available from the processor. For example one process has been granted the allocation of the modem, however is waiting for a text single file, but process two has the text file and is waiting for the modem. In this instance each process will not gather the resources required because they have been allocated to another process, this is where a deadlock occurs.Process Management in an operating system has the job to destroy one of the processes to allow for one of the processes to be put in the ready queue. Scheduling Scheduling is a method in the operating system that allows processes to enter the ready queue allowing them to whence take execution. The strategies used to take these processes and allow them to be ready for execution are as follows Process the maximum enumerate of jobs. Sharing out processing time equally to users Providing acceptable response times, this is in the form of not running intensifier programs while users are logged on to the system.Keeping devices as busy as possible. Attempting to gradually freeing up of p rocesses, instead of crashing. Avoid Deadlocking Scheduling is comprised of three sections 1 Long Term Scheduling this is where processes are batched together, when the resources and quadrangle are free the process is then executed. This type of scheduling is used for jobs like heavy overnight print jobs. 2 Mid-Term Scheduling this is where a decision is do as to whether the processor is to busy for the amount of processes attempting to use it, the decision can be then fixed by terminating processes.When the system is free again the process can be re-executed. 3 Short Term Scheduling is a where the next process is selected from the ready queue it uses algorithms to do this. Shortest burst time being the time spent running to begin with the process will have to wait before an input or output operation. Shortest remaining time is the processes that have very little time left this inevitably allows space for another process to execute. Priority scheduling a control that allow special circumstance processes to execute through the system quickly. corpulent robin limits the time a process is allowed to run before it is removed, it is then placed back in the ready queue. Memory Management Memory is an area in which data and instructions are stored. These operations must be managed by an operating system in order for the system to be unchanging and to run fluently. Memory management within an operating system must tick off that a process has enough memory to run, ensuring it does not go in to another processes slot as this causes corruption. This management is a way of protecting memory from becoming unstable.Memory management is also responsible for using the computers other memory sources effectively, to checker programs run smoothly and effectively. This is insured by using virtual memory using the big(a) disc drive as a temporary memory source for processes and data. This can benefit the user in various ways The user is not rigidly restricted to space available. Using a large virtual memory space provides convenience for instances where large programs etc. are required to be stored in memory. Users are using less physical memory therefore the system can handle more users on the system.High Speed Cache is a fast memory storage memory cache predicts the data that the CPU may need next, it then retrieves it from mug up and places it in to the high hotfoot cache, this speeds up system performance, as cache is a lot faster than RAM is in providing for the processor. The operating systems task is to control an even flow of the processes and decide where they should go practically, moving processes to the best location as the scheduler asks it to do so. This scheduler knows what process is next in line therefore can tell memory it is next and to move it to a suitable location for it to be quickly accessed. PagingPaging is a method used in operating systems to make a programs memory non-contiguous, in simple harm allowing a pro gram to be allocated to any memory location available. This is used when a bulk of data is bigger than the memory allocation it has been given it firstly fills the memory allocation provided, and then stores the rest of the data in any space available in memory. This method of splitting the data is known as Fragmentation. This decreases system performance. Defragmentation To enhance the performance of the memory of a secondary storage medium, the operating system runs an operation called Defragmentation.Defragmentation is a process that sorts data in to a contiguous sequence. If a non-contiguous set of data is found, it will be relocated and stored as a whole. The image above is an illustration to show pictorially how a storage device could look in a data structure. As you can see fragmented files are scattered. If this data was attempted to be retrieved it would be slower feedback to the user as the data has been fragmented and would have to be found first. If data is to be found q uickly and retrieved without a problem, the diagram below shows how a data structure should pictorially look.The image shows a contiguous data structure, with no fragmented files. This is the idea state for a system to be operated under. excite and Disk Management smatter ABOUT HOW MEMORY IS STORED i. e. CONTIGIOUS Blocks of data are assigned in a complete row, using this method the files are simple to access. The space must be large enough to store all the data Files may become larger, therefore the space may be too small in the future, then it will need relocating (moved) This then causes fragmentation of the storage device. , NON CONTIGIOUSFiles are recognised by operating systems and worked upon by using file extensions. A file consist of two parts, one being the unique name to the user, second being the file extension related to the program that runs that type of file. The operating system recognises merely which program to open when the file is run. The way that files and data are managed, is critical to the performance of the computer and the bail of the data. File management within an operating system provides a logical way for the user to observe there data, instead of having the complication of the physical implementation.Operating systems main job in this area is to ensure that data is stored and relocated correctly, as well as having the responsibility to process files, take space to store them, and to retrieve this data at any time. For example a . PDF file when run will be recognised by the operating system to be open in Adobe Acrobat Reader, providing the program is installed on the computer. An operating system can perform several different tasks towards files, they are as follows Operation/ business Function Create finding space for it on storage medium, a new record made in directory Write Finds the file from directory and adds data to it.Read Finds the file then puts it in to memory and a read pointer is used to track where the next r ead place is to take place. In most operating systems however, a write pointer is held at this point, in-case the user intends to write to the file while exercise Delete finds the file, then frees all space given to it, this is then erased from the computer Files are a parade of saved information that is stored on a type of storage medium for later retrieval. File attributes are the information related to the file, just like we have information related to ourselves, i. e. telephone number and plaza address.A files attributes are vital in order for the operating system to create a file structure system, it does this by using the attributes to sort the files in to some kind of order. For computer data files there are a set of minimum attributes related to them, they are as follows Attribute Name share Name an identifier to the user, in the form of a string of characters Type the type of file it is, this is important as different operating systems handle different types of files d ifferently. Location Information held about where the file is stored, usually in the form of a path to it. e. g.CDocuments and SettingsChrisAssignment. doc. Size The size of the file (in bytes) e. g. 270kb. Protection Permissions to who can access the file. I. e. Read Only Date when the file was created, modified or accessed. Author the person the file was created and saved by. Directories Directories are a hierarchical way of separating these files directories simply make it simpler for users to relocate the file at another time. The informant is the top directory of a file system the root is determined by the operating system. The root directory is usually the bootable device on a home computer system.Commonly C Paths are a list of directories that the operating system goes through to find a run able file. For example Cwindowscdplayer. exe The operating system will go in to the root and then in to the directory Windows the file named cdplayer. exe will then be located and execute d. Tree Structure are of a hierarchical nature, therefore the top level is the root of the directory and every other sub directory from which all other directories stem off. A Backslash is used to interrupt and indicate directories within directories (sub directories)Directories allow a method for the operating system to easy locate files. Volumes are a fixed amount of storage space allocated on a device. If a hard disc drive has two partitions set up, then it is said to have two volumes because it has two separate fixed storage spaces. Formatting a device in turn means to prepare it for read and write access. It does this by wiping all drive information that has been pre-set, it then tests each heavens of the disc to ensure they are reliable enough for read and writing in and out of. File Allocation Techniques adipose tissue (File Allocation Table) 32.Located on the storage device, basically holds the relevant information in a table, to find the data on the phonograph recordin g. its security does not measure up to that of NTFS and its filename size constraint is misfortunate to that of NTFS. Searches from top to bottom when looking for a file. Contains the first block of each file on the disk, Requires a tremendous amount of space NTFS (New Technology File System) Used in Windows NT based operating systems Uses a similar table to that of FAT32 to keep track of file locations Looks at directory structure from the side to help speed up the location of files Uses Link Listed Allocation.Linked allocation creates inked lists using disk sectors as nodes. For example, if the sector size is 512 bytes, and it takes a 32 bit number to represent the next block address, then only 508 bytes can be used to store data (the other 4 bytes are used to locate the next file sector). This approach eliminates external fragmentation (since even the smallest block can now be used). nigh problems with this approach are that seeking within a file is now difficult. For example, if were interested in the last degree centigrade bytes of a 100mb file, we need to traverse all the sectors of the file (follow links) to get to the last 100 bytes.Another major issue is that we need to do a disk seek with every disk sector (unless disk sectors are contiguous). And yet another issue with this is that storing pointers on every disk sector uses up a lot of disk space. UNIX Used I-Nodes an indexed file allocation method. Its fast for small blocks of data and can accommodate extremely large volumes of data RAM Disk RAM disks are a temporary storage solution, data cannot be permanently saved, and data is lost on any type of system shut off. I. e. system reboots. A Random Access Memory disk is a ingredient of the main memory that is left for extra storage if required.This is otherwise known as a virtual(prenominal) Drive. The main use for this area is that of playacting operations to files, this is a better way of performing operations as the rate at which they can be performed on are that much higher(prenominal) than that of a physical drive. Size constraints are a major problem with RAM disks, as they are limited to that only of the RAM contained in the machine. For example in modern home computer systems 256mb of RAM is contained, therefore only 256megabyte of RAM disc can be used. 256mb in todays reason is very little in comparison to what users require.OS Services files, copy, delete, rename, view, find, backup Directories create, rename, list, delete Programming, Open, close, read, write, seek File allocation methods, FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX, Disk caching RAM disk Defragmentation I/O System Management DMA DMA takes control of the system by imitating the processor it does this to enable itself to transfer data to and from the memory using the system bus. Buffering is required primarily because of the slow nature of I/O Device function. It is a way of smoothing out an I/O operation, Virtual Segmentation each process is divided in to slices (s egments)non-resident Caching and Spooling of Input and output devices Drivers System Components ( CPU, RAM, System Bus, Local Buses, Device Controllers, Control Registers, Devices). IO response System (polling, interrupts, I/O, DMA Kernal Layers, Purpose, Device, Drivers, System calls Device Management Device management controls hardware resources this includes the control over selection and operation of the devices used for input, output or storage. 2. Select an appropriate type of operating system for the following ICT needs, giving the choice of current operating systems trade namesa) Local council office department in charge of the collection, and distribution of council tax. b) A national car-rental agency, whose main figuring centre is located in Sheffield, through which all of the daily transactions for the business are conducted. c) An electro-plating roundabout board manufactures. d) A travelling company representative, who uses technology to keep in touch with his office . 3. Research and list the different operating systems currently available for desktop computers. From your research and investigations of these operating systems you must critically assess them.This evaluation should clearly demonstrate your understanding of the differences found including and potential disadvantages.Bibliography http//www. cse. lehigh. edu/glennb/um/book/c10os. htm http//dragon. acadiau. ca/dbenoit/3713/slides/pdf/Week2. 1_History. pdf http//cne. gmu. edu/itcore/processes/Time. html http//www. netnam. vn/unescocourse/os/35. htm3. 5. 3%20Virtual%20memory%20concept http//www. cs. aue. auc. dk/akbar/ospdfiles/wschap7. PDF Books Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996.