Philippine Taxation System Essay

I. Introduction On hearing the word tax, what usually springs to mind are images of infrastructures, businesses and projects beneficial to the general welfare of the people, or more negatively, the idea of corruption and dirty tricks especially nowadays when numerous issues are colouring the taxation system of the country. With these, today, its importance seems to be overlooked and is viewed more negatively as a burden to the people. Currently, the individual income tax rate in the Philippines stands at 32 percent, which is third highest in the entire Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) region, next to Thailand and Vietnam. A number of the country’s lawmakers already have their hands on this matter and encourages the government to take actions in lowering it down. This matter has become especially important now that the Asean integration free-for-all market in 2015 is nearing. It is important to understand taxation and to determine how well it fits the economy of a country for it is a key factor on its growth. The taxation system has been a hot economic issue and has been causing rage and fury among the people. Clearly, it is a national issue that needs immediate attention and action as it affects the whole of the nation. It will be an agonizing thought if what is known to be the â€Å"lifeblood of the government† will be the very one thing that sucks â€Å"life† out of its people. What’s supposed to be used to finance the basic services such as education and health care as well as infrastructure–which are all vital to the economy’s growth and the improvement of the lives of the people– could be the very same thing that seem to limit the capability of the people to improve their own lives and unforgivingly take away the food in the Filipinos tables. Or is it not? Objectives of the Study The study is aimed to determine the following: 1. The fiscal adequacy 2. Administrative feasibility 3. Equity 4. And the consistency and compatibility of the Philippine taxation system with the Nation’s Economic Direction. Significance of the Study The study is intended to increase the awareness of the readers on the Philippine taxation system. It is specifically addressed to: taxpayers, students and educators. Scope and Limitation of the study The study involves 7 participants who pay taxes for at least 3 years. The participants are selected to represent different social and industry classes. II. Review of Related Literature Nature and Purpose of Taxation Taxation may be defined as the inherent right of the state to levy and collect a portion of each individual and entity’s income from productive endeavors within the states’ political boundaries. Since taxation is inherent right of the state, meaning, absolute right, taxation laws were enacted to limit this right. That is the reason why taxation is graduated, and in most countries, it is progressive. Graduated, meaning, that taxes to be paid are divided into several brackets of income; and progressive, meaning, that the higher the income, the higher will be the tax rate to be paid, and vice-versa. Taxation is very important for the government to exist. Without it, no government can ever exist, as taxes are the lifeblood of the government. Citizens pay taxes in the expectation that the government will protect them with the necessary environment to enable them to live in safety and perform them with the necessary environment to enable them to live in safety and perform their productive activities without fear or hesitation. The Bureau of Internal Revenue is the tax-collecting arm of the government for individual and corporate income taxes. The Bureau of Customs is the government-collecting arm for import taxation. (Cuevas et al., 2012) Procedure of Taxation Taxation is legislative in character. As such, all tax measures emanate from the Congress. The House of Representatives enact taxation bills. Then it goes to the Senate. Then to the joint conference committee and finally, to the Malacaà ±ang Palace for the President’s approval or in few instances, veto. Once the tax measure is approved and published in the official gazette, it becomes a law. It is then forwarded to the tax collection agency concerned for implementation. Normally, the concerned agency drafts an implementing guideline for the guidance of the line personnel whol will actually implement the law to avoid any possible misinterpretation of its implementation. The tax measure normally provides for sanctions and penalties for violators. Principal violations include tax evasion and tax avoidance. (Cuevas et al. 2012) ` Sound Taxation System A sound taxation system should have Fiscal Adequacy, Administrative Feasibility, Equity and consistent and compatible with the nation’s economic direction. The level of taxes collected should be sufficient enough to fund government operations and projects. A tax collection that is less than sufficient will cause fiscal deficit that can stoke inflation. Taxation laws should be easy to understand; that the existing personnel and other administrative resources of the tax collecting office are sufficient and capable of implementing existing taxation laws. Taxation should be progressive and fair. For example, those individual some should pay higher tax rates, and those with low income should either be exempted from taxes or pay negligible amounts of taxes. The government’s tax collection efforts should be supportive of the economy’s short- and long-term plans. (Cuevas et al., 2012) Equity Recently, the public officials have been confronted with allegations of corruptions and inefficient populist schemes. To name a few, the PDAF scam, DAP scam, political grandstanding to bring down 2016 election potential rivals, the alleged overpricing of Makati City parking lot and the 700 million Iloilo convention center. These facts combined with unforgiving tax collection campaign has resulted to negative sentiments about the equitability of taxation in the country. â€Å"The tax being imposed by the government is too much. They even want to tax us my sari-sari store. The mere payment of business requirements already hurts my store. I am working for my family not for the government. The government wants to take all our earnings.† said by a sari-sari store owner in Del Pilar, Castillejos. â€Å"My take home pay is cut into half because of the deductions and tax imposed to us. My gross salary, to be honest is not enough, then they will deduct us (tax and contributions) and y ou will find out from the media that our taxes were corrupted by a syndicate in the government† said by a college instructor in Gordon College. People Respond to Incentives An incentive is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. Incentives are crucial to analyzing how market work. For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat fewer apples. At the same, time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples. In other words, a higher price in a market provides and incentive to buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. (Mankiw, 2013) Public policymakers should never forget about incentives: Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, alter their behaviour. A tax on gasoline, for instance, encourages people to drive smaller, more fuel efficient cars. (Mankiw, 2013) Fiscal Drag Fiscal drag happens when the government’s net fiscal position (spending minus taxation) fails to cover the net savings desires of the private economy, also called the private economy’s spending gap (earnings minus spending and private investment). The resulting lack of aggregate demand leads to deflationary pressure, or drag, on the economy, essentially due to lack of state spending or to excess taxation. One cause of fiscal drag may be bracket creep, where progressive taxation increases automatically as taxpayers move into higher tax brackets due to inflation. This tends to moderate inflation, and can be characterized as an automatic stabilizer to the economy. Fiscal drag can also be a result of a hawkish stance towards government finances. (www.wikipedia.org) Bracket creep describes the process by which inflation pushes nominal wages and salaries into higher tax brackets. Many progressive tax systems are not adjusted for inflation. As wages and salaries rise in nominal terms under the influence of inflation they become more highly taxed, even though in real terms the value of the wages and salaries has not increased at all. The net effect is that in real terms taxes rise unless the tax rates or brackets are adjusted to compensate. (www.wikipedia.org) Supply-Side Effects of Fiscal Policy The changes in tax rates, particularly marginal tax rates, affect aggregate supply through their impact on the relative attractiveness of productive activity in comparison to leisure and tax avoidance. Supply –side tax cuts are a long-term growth-oriented strategy that will eventually increase both SRAS and LRAS. Keynesian Model Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression.  Keynes advocated increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of tGrohe Depression. Subsequently, the term â€Å"Keynesian economics† was used to refer to the concept that optimal economic performance could be achieved – and economic slumps prevented – by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government. Keynesian economics is considered to be a â€Å"demand-side† theory that focuses on changes in the economy over the short run. (www.investopedia.com) Crowding-out Model Crowding out is a kind of expansionary fiscal policy, reduces investment spending. The increased borrowing ‘crowds out’ private investing. Originally, crowding out was related to an increase in interest rates from the borrowing, but that was broadened to multiple channels that might leave total output little changed or smaller. (Blanchard, 2008) One channel of crowding out is a reduction in private investment that occurs because of an increase in government borrowing. If an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in tax revenues leads to a deficit that is financed by increased borrowing, then the borrowing can increase interest rates, leading to a reduction in private investment. There is some controversy in modern macroeconomics on the subject, as different schools of economic thought differ on how households and financial markets would react to more government borrowing under various circumstances. (Tyson, 2012) The Benefits Principle The benefits principle states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services. This principle tries to make public goods similar to private goods. It seems fair that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in total for movie tickets than a person who rarely goes. Similarly, a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a person who gets little benefit. The benefits principle can also be used to argue that wealthy citizens should pay higher  taxes than poorer ones simply because the wealthy benefit more from public services. For example, the benefits of police protection from theft. Citizens with much to protect benefit more from police than do those with less to protect. Therefore, according to benefits principle, the wealthy should contribute more than the poor to the cost of maintaining the police force. The same argument can be used for many other punlic services, such as fire protection, national defense, and the court system. It is even possible to use the benefits principle to argue for antipoverty programs funded by taxes on the wealthy. (Mankiw, 2013) The Ability-to-Pay Principle The ability-to-pay principle states that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden. This principle is sometimes justified by the claim that all citizens should make and â€Å"equal sacrifice† to support the government. 1. What is tax? A – B – â€Å"yan yung pahirap satin lahat. Ayaw ko nga magbayad nyan kasi hindi naman sa maganda mapupunta yang tax na yan. Sobra na nga yung paniningil ng gobyerno. Kahit sa sari-sari store gusto nilang kuhanan ng tax. Yung simpleng pambayad nga lang ng business permit ang hirap na eh. Gusto ata nila para sa kanila magtrabaho. C – â€Å"it is the life blood of the government†Ã‚  D – â€Å"The money extorted from productive people to fill the gov’t bank accounts.† F – â€Å"Kaltas sa sahod. 336 na lang babawasan pa nila†Ã‚  G – It is the money collected by the government from its citizens 2. What do you think is the purpose of taxation? A – Para may pondo ang gobyerno pampagawa ng project B – pampagawa ng mga daan at sweldo ng mga emplyado sa gobyerno C – â€Å"It is used to fund different government projects. Some economists say that taxation reallocates wealth from the rich to the poor because of the progressive taxation system that we have.† D – The purpose of tax is to fund public necessities, services and improvements needed by all citizens with no bias to their status in society. F – â€Å"para sa mga projects ng gobyerno† G – For the general welfare and protection of the country’s citizens and for the development of the economy. 3. For you what is equitable taxation? A – â€Å"wala ako idea† B – â€Å"dapat yung mayayaman mas malaki babayaran na tax kasi kaya nila magbayad di ba? Sila pa nga nandadaya pagdating sa bayaran ng tax tapos kaming mahihirap yung gigipitin ng BIR dyan sa pagbabayad ng tax.† C – â€Å"Progressive taxation because this type of taxation uses the paying capability of the taxpayer as a basis on how much he or she will be taxed.† D – Equitable tax will depend on how much good public services are and how much improvement to be done. F – â€Å"basta pantay-pantay† G – it’s when taxes are collected depending on the social class or income bracket. 4. How much is your annual income? C – â€Å"My take home pay is cut into half because of the deductions and tax imposed to us. My gross salary, to be honest is not enough, then they will deduct us (tax and contributions) and you will find out from the media that our taxes were corrupted by a syndicate in the government† 5. How much do you pay for taxes annually? D – â€Å"32% of my annual income. Which I would not want to disclose as per q#4. Hehe† 6. Do hire an accountant to deal with tax payments? A – â€Å"Nope. Bookkeeper lang.† B – â€Å"Hindi† C – â€Å"Nope† D – â€Å"No. My employer hires accountants to do our taxes† F – â€Å"Hindi.† 7. What do you feel about our country’s economic outlook? A – â€Å"Sabi nila tumataas daw economic growth ng pilipinas pero di ko masyadong ramdam†. D – †Asean economic is on hype right now and will eventually peak after 15 or 20years if no war will occur. Philippine econ is growing by single digit but the market per industry per capita is growing double digits faster than national econs totality. It is safe to say that now is the best time to invest in ph market.† 8. Are you satisfied on how the government provide its services to the public? Why? A – â€Å"di masyado satisfied, wala pa ding nakikitang improvement.† D – â€Å"Yes. There are many improvements on public services. The only problem is the public is not well aware of those improvements and how they can utilize it.† G – â€Å"No, I think priorities are not being properly set and attended to.† 9. For you what is the most efficient tax rate? A – Dahil medyo nag hihirap pa ang pilipinas, ok na siguro ang tax rate ngayon, basta wag lang makurakot, pag konti konti umaangat yung economy dapat baba din yung tax rate. B – 5 % C – 20% D – 9.3% E – â€Å"I don’t give interviews this way. But I’ll answer question 9. As other questions can be answered through interment and books. The most efficient tax system is the flat tax. I propose a 10 % flat rate across the board. This most fair and efficient of all. Done in more than 43 countries and by the most successful ones. Please research on my interviews. Just google my name and flat tax. You’ll find all you need for this issue. Thanks† F – 10% G – less than 30% V. Discussion Most of the respondents agree that an equitable tax system should ask the taxpayers to contribute to the cost of public services based on ability to pay. Tax payments are indeed the lifeblood of the government, any government will not stand without funding from its people. Taxes are also used to create societal order. It is used to protect its citizens. Taxes are used to pay for the salaries of the police and armies. A farmer will not plant his crops if he knows that it will be stolen in the morning, then economic productivity would be impossible. In our current system, the top tax bracket are those earning at least P500,000 or those earning at least P41,667. Those earning P41,667 per month pays the same taxes as to those earning P1,000,000. Everyone will agree that the situation is already inequitable. The tax bracket thus should be adjusted according to the salaries of the taxpayers. All of the respondents does not directly uses accounting  services for the fact that it may be co stly for the since they are in the middle class. Value for your money, the government must make their taxpayers feel that they get value from the money (tax) that they pay. A customer who felt that he/she did not get the value for his money will not return to that restaurant, store or any other business establishment. The same goes with taxpayers they will avoid paying taxes if they feel that it will only be corrupted by public officials. The computation for the most efficient tax rate would be very difficult since it entails factors such as inflation, purchasing power, income, consistency with economic direction and a lot more, which are varying from a day-to-day or weekly basis. If the tax rate was set too low, administrative feasibility would be impossible and if the tax rate was set too high it would be consficatory which is unconstitutional and will lead to tax evasion. VI. Conclusion A good taxation system should provide an appropriate level of revenue on a timely basis, distribute the cost of taxation fairly, promote economic growth and efficiency, be easily administered and ensure accountability. People will avoid paying taxes if they feel that the taxes imposed are confiscatory in nature and this in turn reduces the tax base. The inequity of the tax system negates the command of the Constitution. The endless complains of the middle class towards the strict tax collection drive of the BIR may be lessened if they feel that there equity, or the rich is paying more taxes than them. The middle class should not be burdened more than the higher class. The BIR collected 1.2 trillion for 2012 however the government budget deficit still bloated from 197.8 billion in 2011 to P235 B. The Philippines, with the current taxation system, is always on budget deficit. And these year after year deficits includes huge amount of money thus resulting to higher public debt that the taxpayers also pay, with interest. It is time to change on how the government tax its people. Lowering the tax rate will not necessarily mean that it will lessen the budget of the government. Lowering tax will increase the tax base of the government and it will increase the cash flow in the economy, let the people decide where to put their money. Whichever way they use it, it will be productive to the economy since they are spending, when someone is spending another one is profiting and through profits is where the government gets its taxes. Unlike  if taxes are corrupted and stored into secret bank accounts. VII. Recommendation The recommends that more respondents be included in the study. The taxation system of the country needs a lot of reforms. The taxation system should be based on the taxpayer’s ability to pay and should not be confiscatory in nature. Lowering the tax rate and increasing the tax bracket ceiling will initially lower tax collection but will increase it by the next year or two because the tax base will enlarge. Bibliography Books Abola, Victor, Villegas, Bernardo, (2001). Economics An Introduction. Pasig City, Philippines: Inkwell Publishing Company, Inc. Cuevas, R.C., Paraiso O.C., Larano, L.C., (2011). Macroeconomics. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc. Mankiw G.N., (2013). Principles of Economics. Pasig City, Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch). McCaCandless, G.T. (1991). Macroeconomics theory. New Jersey: Harper and Row. Internet Fiscal drag. (2014, April 16). Retrieved from Wikipedia.org. October 10, 2014. Fiscal Drag Definition | Investopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014.

Ritz-Carlton Hotels

Case Application – Making you Say Wow (Chapter 3 page 68-69) When you hear the name the Ritz-Carlton Hotels, what words come to your mind? Luxury? Elegance? Formal, or maybe even dull and boring? Very expensive? Three words that the company hopes come to mind are exemplary customer service. Ritz-Carlton is committed to treating its guests like royalty. It has very different corporate cultures in the hotel and lodging industry, and employees are referred to as â€Å"our ladies and gentleman. † Its motto is printed on a card that employees carry with them: â€Å"We are Ladies and Gentleman serving Ladies and Gentleman. And these ladies and gentleman of the Ritz have been trained in very detailed standards and specifications for treating customers. These standards were established more than a century ago by founders Caesar Ritz and August Escoffier. Ritz employees are continually schooled in company lore and company values. Every day at 15-minute â€Å"lineup† sess ions at each hotel propoerty, managers reinforce company values and review techniques. And these values are the basis for all employee training and rewards. Nothing is left to chance when it comes to providing exemplary customer service.People looking to get a job in this hotel are tested both for cultural fit and for qualities associated with a real passion to serve customers. A company executive says, â€Å"The smile has to come naturally†. Although staff memebers are expected to be warm and caring, their behaviour towards guests had been extremely detailed and scripted. That is why a new customer service philosophy implemented in mid-2006 was so different from what the Ritz had been doing before 2006. The Company’s new approach is almost the opposite from what the company had been doing till 2006.Do not tell employees how to make guests happy. Now they are expected to figure it out. Says Diana Oreck, vice president, â€Å"We moved away from the heavily prescriptive , scripted appproach and toward managing to outcomes†. The outcome didn’t change, though. The goal is still a happy guest who’s really happy and delighted by the service received. Howevery, under the new approach, staff members interactions with guests are more natural, relaxed, rather than sounding like they are reading lines from a book.

Product Proposal Template

Product Proposal Template †¢ [Bulleted lists and bracketed text are descriptive, and should not appear in final documents. ] †¢ Assume your proposal will be one of many reviewed by potential investors. It should be accurate, concise, and self-contained. Don't assume the reader is familiar with you or your product. †¢ The proposal should be well organized, clearly written, and flow smoothly from one item to the next. The style and information should be consistent, even if different people write different parts. †¢ Use graphics (charts, diagrams, etc) where they can be more effective than text (â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words†).Do not use cutesy or unnecessary pictures. †¢ Include or attach tables or spreadsheets for lists and comparisons. Product Proposal for [Concept] Executive Summary †¢ Write the summary last, not first. †¢ Summarize all key ideas from the proposal in less than one page. †¢ Describe the product in the first p aragraph. †¢ Do not use graphics, tables, etc. Overview 1 Introduction †¢ Describe the product, its key features and functionality. 2 Abbreviations and Definitions †¢ List and define all abbreviations and non-standard terms used. 3 Background Describe any background required to understand the product or its importance, including market or technology trends.Market Analysis 1 Needs Analysis †¢ Describe who needs the product, and why. †¢ For each market of interest, describe key characteristics, including size. †¢ Summarize the customer’s total cost. Include hardware unless you are assuming that your customers already own the necessary hardware. 2 Competitive Analysis †¢ Describe competing products, and their relative strengths ; weaknesses. †¢ Include or attach a table to summarize key characteristics. †¢ Use text (or subsections) for details not easily captured in the table. Feature or Characteristic |[Proposed Product] |Competitor( s) | | | |[#1] |[#2] |[#3] |[#4] | | | | | | | | Requirements 1 Actors ; Use Cases †¢ Describe the general categories of people who will use the product. †¢ Describe any external systems that will interact with the product. For each actor, describe why and how they interact with the product. †¢ For each actor, describe any special characteristics or background.†¢ Include or attach a table to summarize which actors perform which use cases, especially if there is overlap. |Use Case |Actor(s) | | |[#1] |[#2] |[#3] |[#4] |[#5] | | | | | | | | Requirements †¢ Include or attach a table (or a full spreadsheet) to list and describe key requirements, such as: o hardware or software (platform dependencies) o performance o networking o concurrency o data storage o internationalization (multiple languages, currencies, time zones) o error handling ; security o testing ; documentation o installation Category |Requirement |Priorit|Phase |Cost | | | |y | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 Deliverables List and describe items that must be completed in order to complete this product, such as: o hardware components o software components o packaging ; documentation o licenses, user names, passwords Design 1 User Interfaces †¢ Describe the user interface(s). †¢ Include or attach sketches or mockups of GUI screens where applicable. 2 UML Design Diagrams†¢ Describe the key data objects and relationships (data diagrams). †¢ Describe any complex interactions among actors and product components (interaction diagrams). †¢ Describe the logical and physical architecture (deployment diagrams). Include or attach diagrams where applicable. 3 Other †¢ Describe any other design issues, such as: o novel algorithms or data structures o significant challenges or risks o 3rd party components you will use (commercial, open source, etc) o potential patents Project Plan 1 Team and Organization †¢ Describe each member of your team and their roles and responsibilities. †¢ Describe any missing skills you will need to make this product successful. †¢ Describe how your team is organized. 2 Estimates ; Schedule †¢ Describe the expected project schedule. Include or attach applicable tables or planning diagrams, such as: o work breakdown schedules (WBS) o PERT/CPM networks, Gantt charts, etc. (if applicable) |Date |Owner |Action or Deliverable | | | | | | | | |Resource ; Budget Requirements †¢ List and describe any needed resources (equipment, facilities, services, etc). †¢ List all costs required to build and deploy the product, including: o Supporting hardware and software that must be purchased o Effort by developers, testers, writers, etc o Sales and marketing †¢ List expected revenue sources and projected revenue. †¢ Describe your expected profit margin. †¢ Include or attach applicable tables or spreadsheets. Category |Item |Count |Unit Cost |Total Cost | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 Risks †¢ List and describe risks that could affect features, schedule, or cost. For each, estimate probability and impact, and describe possible responses. †¢ Include or attach applicable tables or spreadsheets. |Category |Risk |Prob |Impact |Response | | | | | | | | | | | | |References †¢ List citations for any published material (including books, articles, product documentation, and web pages) used when preparing the proposal, whether or not they are quoted or cited elsewhere in the proposal.

The Question of Who Gets Stop-searched by the Police has Dominated Essay

The Question of Who Gets Stop-searched by the Police has Dominated Debate - Essay Example Within these ‘sensitive’ zones, the senior police officials were given the power to search any individual even without grounds for reasonable suspicion and seize materials allegedly used for terrorism, whether or not there are any actual grounds for believing that the materials were actually present, or used for terror acts. The law enforcement agencies are also under no obligations to justify their search action and the Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) are vested with this special power, when there is a uniformed police officer accompanying them. The stop and search powers were supported by House of Lords in R (Gillan) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis in 2006.1 Due to high instances of racial profiling in the process of stop and search, UK police have faced widespread criticisms for their methods used, with rising concerns amongst human rights activists and political circles on â€Å"racial profiling† leading to demands and proposal to restrai n UK police from conducting the stop or search with racial bias. Various levels of scholarly, policy and legal, analyses have been conducted, with focus on stop and search and its application and distribution across varying social groups (different ethnic, religious and racial minorities).2 In the studies related to stop and search, the leading question that has taken the limelight is who gets searched, but the more important questions that have been often been neglected concern how people get stop-searched, and whether stop-search does more harm than good. This article will explore the impacts of stop and search and the methods used, and study to see whether it is a more important aspect in this entire issue, than focusing only on who is stopped and searched. Discussion The power to Stop and search The power to stop and search in section 44 under UK Terrorism Act 2000 allows any uniformed police officer to stop any individual (a pedestrian) or a vehicle located within the ‘se nsitive zones.’ Section 44 has resulted due to various extensions to UK Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 made applicable through the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and the UK Prevention of Terrorism Act 1996. UK parliament implemented the measures were implemented by the UK parliament as responses to the bombings in London by the Irish Republican Army in 1992, 1993 and 1996 (in Docklands). The UK government contended that the newly established powers provided a chance to repress the terror acts and protect the citizens. The Section 44 of the UK Terrorism Act 2000 now states: 1. An authorisation under this subsection authorises any constable in uniform to stop a vehicle in an area or at a place specified in the authorisation and to search — (a) The vehicle; (b) The driver of the vehicle; (c) A passenger in the vehicle; (d) anything in or on the vehicle or carried by the driver or a passenger. 2. An authorisation under this subsection a uthorises any constable in uniform to stop a pedestrian in an area or at a place specified in the authorisation and to search — (a) the pedestrian; (b) anything carried by him. 3. An authorisation under subsection (1) or (2) may be given only if the person giving it considers it expedient for the prevention of acts of terrorism. 4. An

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TM04 - Essay Example [31 words] (c) Why might carrying out the same analysis using species rather than families be likely to be less accurate as an assessment of changing diversity if there were a small number of fossils? Explain what working assumption is made when family diversity changes are used to infer patterns of species change. (3 or 4 sentences) Carrying out the same analysis using species rather than families might be less accurate. There are certain to be more new growths of species besides families. The assumption made when family diversity changes are made to infer patterns of species change is that family diversity changes take as long as species changes, but changes in families take longer time to complete. (e) Given the time period considered in (d) compared to (a), estimate the difference in the rate of the species generation (in percentage per million years) at the end of the Cambrian compared to the period from the end of the Permian to the present day, assuming that the rate of extinction is the same. [62 words] The difference in the rate of species generation per million years would be 10.6 percent; this is based on the fact that the Cambrian period was 570 million years ago, the Permian period was 248 million years ago, and if you divide the difference of the two by the difference between the two percentages given, you get 10.6 percent per million years. (a) Molecular clock evidence suggests that a newly discovered group of animal first emerged about 1.2 billion years ago. This is significantly earlier than the fossil evidence. Describe one possible reason for this discrepancy. (1 to 2 sentences) (c) The evolution of the Ediacarans has been linked to the Snowball Earth episodes. Outline one mechanism linked to ocean temperature that could have influenced animal evolution. (2 to 3 sentences) [27 words] â€Å"When one organism actually lives inside the other its called endosymbiosis. The endosymbiotic theory describes

Tongan cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tongan cultural Diversity - Essay Example Majority of the people are farmers or fishermen. There are no major metropolitan areas in Tonga and the numerous islands are dotted by closely located villages. The Tongans or the Polynesians are a group that inhabit about hundred and fifty islands lying to the east of Fiji. The human population is neatly confined on islands that are separated by vast expanses of oceans. These islands vary in size, resources and degree of isolation. Each of these settlements developed their distinctive features in isolation. The wide variety of cultural differences found within the same group has been a cause of study by various ethnologists and archaeologists. Polynesia has been called a cultural laboratory because of the adaptive variation of a single culture on its far-flung islands and island groups (Davidson, 1977). Polynesia was isolated from other cultures but did have interactions with other cultural traditions. It developed some of its distinctive features through interaction with West Polynesia and Fiji. Similarities between the various West Polynesian cultures have been found due to the same origin. According to D’Arcy (2003), the Pacific Islanders were highly localized in their affinities and expansive in their interactions. As a result they embraced multiple cultural affinities, both local and regional. Western Polynesia consisted of two archipelagos – Tonga and Samoa and a few other smaller more isolated islands. All of these islands shared many common features with Fiji. Interaction with other communities meant that change could be very rapid and changes to one community’s circumstances could have regional implications. Distinct variants of the Polynesian language and culture can be noticed in each of the islands and even though the dialects differ, they can be recognized as dialects of a single language. in The Tongan island consists of smaller islands with a total

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship - Essay Example Assignment It is worthwhile to mention that Katy has a relatively better idea to initiate her personal furniture business as she could invest a considerable amount of 250,000 pounds. Indeed, commencing one’s own business is more feasible than investing this money in financial markets by purchasing bonds, stocks, saving certificates etc. Indeed, the reason behind this is the fact that today’s corporate world is highly unstable that in turn affects the financial markets. Secondly, low interest rates has also reduced the yield on financial products, hence income generated in above mentioned products may not be up to one’s expectations. As far as furniture business is concerned, it should be highlighted that people tend to purchase furniture (including dining tables, bedroom sets, cupboards, chairs, book shelves etc) for their households; therefore, the demand for furniture products is relatively inelastic and will exist because it is a human need. However, the purchasing power of a customer could affect the demand of designed and branded furniture products. In more simple words, Katy who is adept in designing and marketing should opt to commence her own business in the light of following costs and benefits analysis of each available business option including Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Limited liability partnership and Company formation. Katy could definitely make a rational business decision after reviewing the mentioned recommendations.

Can managers develop the 'culture' of their organisations Critically Essay

Can managers develop the 'culture' of their organisations Critically discuss - Essay Example It is only logical that organizations and companies have good managers that management can be termed efficient.4 In light with this, organizations or companies could develop their own culture where they have unique management system that is different from other. Such kind of management ensures that the top management does not necessary have to follow the usual protocol of management.5 In fact, some of the best rated companies in terms of management are that have developed their own culture in working and dealing with their employees. Simply, they have better working conditions and the employees are motivated in numerous ways as compared to other organizations or companies. Of importance to note is that, organization culture entails behaviours that are prevailing beliefs, practises and thought. Some of these fundamentals might deter the improvement of an organization if leaders and managers do not embark on a program to support this improvement.6 It is worthwhile that for this to be a chievable, certain strategies must put in place. These strategies entail employment relationship, theory and practise, finding alternative ways to high performance in work places, transformation of personnel roles to fit the current management programme, over and above, the impact of human resource management in an organization.7 Employment Relationship Employment relationship is a legal term that is used globally to denote the relationship between the employee and the employer under certain conditions that incorporate remuneration. Through this employment relationship, rights and obligations are created between employee and employers.8 Apparently, this relationship continues to facilitate a route in which employees are could be able to access their rights and benefits associated with employment in respect to labour laws and social security. In general, employment relationship is the periphery of determining the origin and extent in which employers are mandated to treat their employ ees.9 Of importance to note is that, this relationship has drastically changed with reference to the labour market. Some of the new forms of relationships that are being created have loopholes especially on the increasing number of employees whose employment status is unclear. With numerous labour institutions working on the need for standardization, it is evident that an employment relationship is crucial to both the employees and employers. 10Consequently, an organization or company must be able to handle this kind of relationship with ultimate care to ensure that it carries the best of interest from either side.11 For instance, any organization should ensure that all its employees have clear employment details in respect of the International Labour law and any other law that is applicable.12 Their rights as human beings and workers should be respected at all cost. Through this, organization is certain of embracing it own culture that could be different from firms, organizations a nd companies that do not embrace the employment relationship.13 Empowerment, Theory and Practise Employment theories and practises are crucial plan

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

History - Essay Example (http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/roosevelt/rrwh2.htm). 2. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, November 18, 1903 is an agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama to insure the construction of a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It entails the authorization for the U.S. through the president to acquire within a reasonable time the control of the necessary territory of the Republic of Colombia. This is made possible through the powers vested in the Republic of Panama to have sovereignty over Colombia. This is one of the self-protective efforts of the U.S. against likely invasion or opposition from other rising powers like China. (http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/roosevelt/rrwh2.htm). covers his declarations and adherence to the U.S. Foreign Policy. He stressed out the importance of the Army and the Navy in its foreign policy. He talked about the peace of justice and the positive and negative factors regarding the concept of peace. It entails both rights and responsibilities to the home country in relation to the other countries and the world at large.

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool - Coursework Example 3) â€Å"Marketers have to find a way to Seem Real† means that the marketers have to give an impression that they are ‘real’ by living lives that the teen generation can identify with. They have to adopt attitudes that to teenagers perceive as ‘cool’. 5) To counter the plummeting ratings in 1990s, MTV adopted ethnography study. In this study, MTV focused on learning the teens by visiting their homes and collecting personal information. They did this by asking them personal questions and go through their belongings such as their music albums. The researchers also got involved in the teens’ lives by accompanying them to social places such as to nightclubs. These activities were recorded as they happened then later, they were translated to video clips that were presented to MTV’s management. "Midriff" is the character inclined to teenage girls. It is highly sexualized, sophisticated and populates television shows such as Cruel Intentions. A juvenile and boorish behaved character on the other hand brands the â€Å"mook†. The "Mook" is a misogynistic, crude, and extremely angry adolescent. 7) The system designed to appeal to the â€Å"MOOK† keeps the teens’ under incessant surveillance. This helps the researchers determine the things that trigger the teens’ emotions and actions thus understand them better and 9) To overcome the resistance, marketers have to embrace the challenge and market the products in spite of their inadequacies. For instance, in the case of Insane Clown Posse, MTV marketed their music relentlessly even though the genre of music they created represented violence, profanity and misogyny. Today, the band has become a big name in the music industry. 10) Marketers have gone too far in their efforts to sell to the youth. Every marketer has his or her version of what should be perceived as cool. This readymade version of ‘cool’ has taken away the teens’ power to focus on their

College Essay Essay Example for Free

College Essay Essay Everyone belongs to many different communities and/or groups defined by (among other things) shared geography, religion, ethnicity, income, cuisine, interest, race, ideology, or intellectual heritage. Choose one of the communities to which you belong, and describe that community and your place within it. Black. That is the most dominate trait about me. It is the first thing people notice when they see me. I can change my hair or my clothes, but I will always be black. There are plenty of people who also fit into this category with me: the notorious â€Å"Black Community. † In a word, the black community is diverse. There are the stereotypical black people. The people you hear about on the news. Those who steal, shoot, sell drugs, have â€Å"baby mama drama†, and use the â€Å"N-word† in every other sentence. However, there is another side to this coin. This is where I come in. My role in this community along with the other portion of the black community who are in the same subset as me is penetrating this negative light that is beaming down on all of us. I have never held a gun. I have never stolen anything. I have never laid a hand on any drug that wasn’t prescribed to me or didn’t have â€Å"cold and flu† in the title. I don’t have any kids and I don’t plan on having any anytime soon, and I don’t feel comfortable saying the â€Å"N-word† when I’m by myself, let alone when I’m around other people. All in all, my role in the black community is to prove to everyone else that that one perception does not apply to everyone. The black community is one of many communities that I belong to. This community as a whole is looked down upon, for understandable reasons. However, there are exceptions like me, who demonstrate without a doubt that one general observation does not describe us all. Therefore, I describe the black community as diverse.

The Study Of Human Computer Interaction

The Study Of Human Computer Interaction Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of interaction between people or users and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of design, computer science and several other fields of study. Interaction between users and computers occurs at user interface or simply interface. This includes both hardware and software such as object or characters are display by software on a personal computers monitor. The inputs receive from users via hardware peripherals. For example keyboard, mice. Human-computer interaction (HCI) studies a human and a machine in conjunction. It draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side which techniques in operating system, programming language, computer graphics and development environment are relevant. Other, the human side have communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, social science, linguistics, cognitive psychology and human factors are relevant. Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a wide discipline which studies all the elements linked to the human use of computer and software by association. It also concerns devices which can be linked to computer such as mobile devices, computerized consoles and video terminals. The main aim of Human-computer interaction (HCI) is to make the use of software and computerized devices as simply and easy to understand as possible which with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the action taken at the same time. Human-computer interaction (HCI) covers all the main stage of the productive flow from design of the user interface to the investigation of the result obtained, passing via the search for innovative solutions and the laboratory assessment of prototypes. This is another reason why Human-computer interaction (HCI) involves aspects linked to a number of disciplines, including: Your password is what tells the computer that you are who you say you are. Until we can do retina scans like in James Bond movies, the password is the best that we can do. But, because your password is like a key to your account, you need to safeguard it. Anyone who has your password can get into your account, and your files. Anyone who can guess your password has it. Anyone who has your password can pose as you. Therefore, you may be held responsible for someone elses actions, if they are able to get your password. You may not wish this to happen. Tips on safeguarding your password First and foremost, NEVER give your password to anyone. Anyone means your coworkers, your spouse, your systems administrator. In the event of an emergency, the sysadmin can change your password. Your sytems administrator never has a need to know your personal password. If someone needs to get onto our machines, and has a reason to be here, do not give them access to your account. Speak to the systems staff about us setting up an account for them. We would be very happy to give them one. Make your password something you can remember. Do not write it down. If you really, honestly forget your password, we can easily give you a new one. Wed rather set your password once a month because you forgot it than have someone find it written down and gain unauthorized access to your account. Make your password difficult for others to guess. This is not as hard as it initially seems. See the section below on chosing a good password. DO NOT Change your password because of mail from someone claiming to be your systems administrator, supposedly needing access to your files!! This is a popular scam in some circles. Remember, your systems administrator never needs your password for any reason. If someone needs to ask you to change your password so that they can gain entry to your account, they do not have reason to be there. We run sophisticated password crackers on the password files of our machines. If we guess your password, you will have to come see a staffer to have it changed. These are the same crackers that the bad guys have access to, so if you have a weak password, its better if we find out about it first. How Not to Choose a Password Here are some of the types of passwords that will be picked up by our crackers: Words in the dictionary. Words in any dictionary. Your user name. Your real name. Your spouses name. Anyones name (crackers dont necessarily know that your aunts middle name is Agnes, but its easy enough to get a list of 100,000 names and try each one). Any word in any cracking dictionary. There are lists of words that crackers use to try to crack passwords: passwords that a lot of people use. Some of these lists include: Abbreviations, Asteroids, Biology, Cartoons, Character Patterns, Machine names, famous names, female names, Bible, male names, Movies, Myths-legends, Number Patterns, Short Phrases, Places, Science Fiction, Shakespeare, Songs, Sports, Surnames Any of the above, with a single character before or after it (8dinner, happy1). Any of the above, capitalized (cat > Cat) Any of the above, reversed (cat > tac), doubled (cat > catcat) or mirrored (cat > cattac). We used to tell people that taking a word and substituting some characters (a 0 (zero) for an o, or a 1 for an l) made a good password. This is no longer the case. New crackers have the capability to crack things like this, in certain situations. Words like foobar, xyzzy and qwerty are still just plain words. They are also popular passwords, and the crack programs look for them. Avoid them. Any of the sample passwords, good or bad, mentioned in this document. How to Choose a Good Password I know that coming up with a good password can be difficult, so here are some guidelines to use. Choose a password that is at least six characters long. This should be long enough to discourage a brute-force attack. Currently, the maximum password length on many Unix systems is eight characters, but if you want to add a few more characters to make it easier to remember, go ahead. Just bear in mind that anything after the eighth character will be ignored (so abnormalbrain is the same as abnormal). In general, a good password will have a mix of lower- and upper-case characters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and should be at least 6 characters long. Unfortunately, passwords like this are often hard to remember and result in people writing them down. Do not write your passwords down! At work, your network people will require you to change your password every several days. At home, you should rotate your passwords as a matter of good computer hygiene. If you are using different passwords for differents websites, you can do yourself a favor by rotating portions your passwords every few weeks. Note that rotating parts of the password, not the entire passwords, will help deter hackers from stealing your phrases. If you can memorize three or more passwords at the same time, then you are in good shape to resist brute force hacker attacks. My conclusion is The graphical password schemes we considered in this study have the property that the space of passwords can be exhaustively searched in short order if an offline search is possible. So, any use of these schemes requires that guesses be mediated and confirmed by a trusted online system. In such scenarios, we believe that our study is the first to quantify factors relevant to the security of user-chosen graphical passwords. I recommendation that every month change one time password for safe. All security things dont let anyone know. Special security question. Because security question is help user find back forget password. character and number mix together is a best password.

Interactive Hypertext for Interactive Readers :: Hypertext Internet Reading Essays

Interactive Hypertext for Interactive Readers With every new advancement in technology the roles of the writer and the roles of the reader are changed; sometimes it is a small change and other times it can be a drastic transformation. In this modern age it seems the role that the reader or the audience plays is shifting significantly. I don’t think there has ever been a point in history where there was as much interactivity as there is currently. The main reason for this change in the reader’s role is the rapidly growing amount of hypertext being used. In the 1960’s, Ted Nelson was the first person to coin this popular term â€Å"hypertext† but I prefer to reference Bolter’s description. Hypertext, as described by Jay Bolter in Writing Space, is layered writing and reading, where you can click on links within a narrative or article. These links work as reference points and can work as footnotes or as references to what you were reading. They can also take you to an entirely different type of webpage all together. Bolter also points out that it is important to realize that the second webpage you are linked to is not always subordinate to the first. On page 33, Bolter describes hypertext as being similar to â€Å"prewriting† which kids learn to do in school. I think prewriting is what I’ve always called a mind map, which is just a map drawn out like a spider web to show how each idea is interconnected to all the other ideas. Hypertext can be related to, but is not the same as, intertextualit y(178). Intertextuality is the interrelation of all text on the same topic, language or culture, while hypertext is references within a text and allusions between texts. I think it is important to see the changes in the role of reader in hypertext fiction and reference web pages that incorporate hypertext. The reference web pages that use hypertext give the reader more interaction and power, and which in turn, gives the author much less supremacy. Hypertext in reference websites can be very helpful, it enables someone to click on one website and have numerous links to an unlimited amount of information and knowledge. This makes me wonder if the people who have ready access to the internet will become smarter, over time, due to the accessibility of hypertext.

The Big Sleep Movie and Novel :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Big Sleep Movie and Novel On first inspection of Raymond Chandler's novel, The Big Sleep, the reader discovers that the story unravels quickly through the narrative voice of Philip Marlowe, the detective hired by the Sternwood family of Los Angeles to solve a mystery for them. The mystery concerns the General Sternwood's young daughter, and a one Mr. A. G. Geiger. Upon digging for the answer to this puzzle placed before Marlowe for a mere fee of $25 dollars a day plus expenses, Marlowe soon finds layers upon layers of mystifying events tangled in the already mysterious web of lies and deception concerning the Sternwood family, especially the two young daughters. When reading the novel, it is hard to imagine the story without a narrator at all. It certainly seems essential for the story's make-up to have this witty, sarcastic voice present to describe the sequence of events. Yet, there is a version of Chandler's novel that does not have an audible storyteller, and that version is the 1946 movie directed by Howard Hawks. Hawks' version of The Big Sleep is known to be one of the best examples of the film genre-film noir. "Film noir (literally 'black film,' from French critics who noticed how dark and black the looks and themes were of these films) is a style of American films which evolved in the 1940s." (The Internet Movie Database LTD). Film noir typically contains melancholy, and not so moral themes. Another characteristic of film noir is just because the main character has the title hero, that does not mean that he will always be alive at the end of the book, or that the hero is always "good." Marlowe in The Big Sleep is a prime example of this concept. In the novel it is questionable how lawfully moral he actually is, concerning the situation of turning Carmen into the police for killing Sean Regan. This aspect of Marlowe's character added yet another difficult task of formatting The Big Sleep to the big screen-the question of how the audience (media) might react to such a personality trait was now placed before the writing staff (IE production codes). The Big Sleep Movie and Novel :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast The Big Sleep Movie and Novel On first inspection of Raymond Chandler's novel, The Big Sleep, the reader discovers that the story unravels quickly through the narrative voice of Philip Marlowe, the detective hired by the Sternwood family of Los Angeles to solve a mystery for them. The mystery concerns the General Sternwood's young daughter, and a one Mr. A. G. Geiger. Upon digging for the answer to this puzzle placed before Marlowe for a mere fee of $25 dollars a day plus expenses, Marlowe soon finds layers upon layers of mystifying events tangled in the already mysterious web of lies and deception concerning the Sternwood family, especially the two young daughters. When reading the novel, it is hard to imagine the story without a narrator at all. It certainly seems essential for the story's make-up to have this witty, sarcastic voice present to describe the sequence of events. Yet, there is a version of Chandler's novel that does not have an audible storyteller, and that version is the 1946 movie directed by Howard Hawks. Hawks' version of The Big Sleep is known to be one of the best examples of the film genre-film noir. "Film noir (literally 'black film,' from French critics who noticed how dark and black the looks and themes were of these films) is a style of American films which evolved in the 1940s." (The Internet Movie Database LTD). Film noir typically contains melancholy, and not so moral themes. Another characteristic of film noir is just because the main character has the title hero, that does not mean that he will always be alive at the end of the book, or that the hero is always "good." Marlowe in The Big Sleep is a prime example of this concept. In the novel it is questionable how lawfully moral he actually is, concerning the situation of turning Carmen into the police for killing Sean Regan. This aspect of Marlowe's character added yet another difficult task of formatting The Big Sleep to the big screen-the question of how the audience (media) might react to such a personality trait was now placed before the writing staff (IE production codes).

Divorce in America Essay -- Divorcing Research Paper Effect Cause Essa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically in the past 25 years. Over 40 percent of the marriages among young Americans will end in divorce. There is a lot of stress on all the people involved. The man has to deal with, usually, not seeing his children, being alone, and the responsibility that is accompanied with much of the legal process. The wife has to go through, maybe, entering the work force for the first time. Children are often viewed as a back burner issue but more often than none they are the center piece of discussion. The children may begin feeling inadequate around their friends and even in personal esteem. Feeling like it is their fault they might get depressed or perhaps even rebellious. Regardless, divorce is an activity that has become common place in today's family structure, behavior, and morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When two people meet and decide their love is strong enough to carry them to the next level marriage is usually the out come. Sometimes they decide to have children and sometimes they don't, but when they do, it usually brings them closer together. All parents have desires and hopes for their children. The way in which parents achieve these ends can differ. Researchers do not agree on which of the child-raising practices is best. But it is known that parents provide role models for their children and that children rely on their parents to teach them about the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a culture's values and traditions undergo a rapid change it becomes difficult to decide which attitudes and beliefs children should be taught. As one researcher has stated, ?today's children are the first generation to be raised amid doubt about the role prescriptions that have long gone unchallenged. This makes their socialization especially difficult. Traditionally, socialization was a process of raising the young to fill major roles in society when the present incumbents vacated them. Yet today we do not know what type of society our children will inherit, nor the roles for which they should be prepared. ?(pp.34) Divorce along married couples is the most well-documented and studied of the various ways relationships end. According to Dworetzky:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically in the past 25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  years. According to current assessments, over 40 percent of marriages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ability to function as parents diminishes. ?Although children may fare well in single-parent families, the chances increase that they will face problems. There are many stresses associated with divorce. These include the disruption of bedtimes and eating schedules, the effects of the parents emotional state, and the lessening of adult contact. Also, the level of income in the household usually decreases, and this may produce more stress. Less income may require the parent to move, which in turn may cause the child to behave to change of schools or move to a poorer neighborhood with a higher rate of crime and delinquency.?(pp. 170-174)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divorce is happening every day to couples in the United States. The only problem, is that the couple thinks they are the only ones going through it when almost twenty-two percent of adult America is also. When parents get divorced the children get divorced too. Children and adolescents face a lot of stress during their lives, but divorce is very confusing, speaking from personal experience. It can be too much stress to peoples' lives but they also present opportunities to form new relationships and to strengthen existing ones.

American Modernism

Has modernism any relevance to the South of the world? Black people have always united together in order to create and maintain positive definitions of Blacks. The most important and common form of this racial union has been Afro-American folk culture: the musical, oral, and visual artistic expressions of Black identity that have been handed down from generation to generation. The Harlem Renaissance, whose spirit Hurston's work reflects, was a manifestation of this bonding, although it had many false revolutionaries and failed in some respects to realize its radical potential.The modernist black writers who arose in the first three decades of the twentieth century introduced a new stereotype into American literature. Zora Neale Hurston wrote as a Black woman about her own experiences and therefore, in some way, spoke to the general Black female experience in America. Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) offers an excellent source for demonstrating the modern Black fema le literary tradition. A large and chief part of Hurston's career took place during the Harlem Renaissance, which began in the twenties while she was attending Howard.Hurston's best work, especially her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, is the product of a Black female folk aesthetic and cultural sensibility that emerged from the best revolutionary ideals of the period. It also anticipates the comparable renaissance in black women’s literature. Despite, or perhaps because of, these achievements, Hurston, like many Black women writers, has suffered â€Å"intellectual lynching† at the hands of white and Black men and white women (Brigham 23).Their Eyes Were Watching God appeared at the tail end of what is termed in American literature as the American Modernism. Roughly between 1917 – the end of World War I – and the 1930 stock market crash that marked the beginning of the Great Depression, throngs of southern African Americans migrated north -a migration that technically began as early as 1910 – primarily to the northeast for economic and social reasons, escaping more overt and often violent manifestations of tensed black-white race relations.A time when â€Å"the Negro was in vogue,† this was a time of cultural celebration of blackness – black visual arts, black music, black intellectual thought, black performing arts, and black identity (Hemenway 34). Leading voices of the Harlem Renaissance challenged black authors and artists to define African American life beyond the prescribed boundaries of stereotype and caricature, sentimentality, and social assimilation. Arguably a movement among intellectuals, the Harlem Renaissance proved spiritually and aesthetically liberating for African Americans and established global connections with an African past.Hurston's accent on rural common folk of the south both challenged and continued some of the essential tenants of the Harlem Renaissance: national and global communi ty, self-determination, and race pride. The most concentrated place of this cultural explosion was Harlem (New York). Published in 1937, Hurston most famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, was not immediately famous. In fact, the novel was largely mistreated and greatly criticized by her black male contemporaries, because it allegedly presents blacks in stereotypical ways that white readers enjoyed and encouraged of black writers.This criticism was particularly harsh from those who thought that Hurston should be writing more overtly protest pieces about whites as blacks' enemies. While Hurston does not center around white people in the novel, their Jim Crow presence is apparent from the opening through the closing pages. The novel was not printed some thirty years after its initial publication. In 1971, it was reprinted but again was not printed by 1975. In 1977, Hurston's novel was on the top of reading lists among American colleges and universities and continues that even tod ay (Kenner 234).Their Eyes Were Watching God is the story of Janie, a black woman of mulatto ancestry, in search of spiritual liberation from patriarchal control. The format of the book is Janie's telling of her own story in her own voice as she remembers the details of her own life. As the narrator, Janie has an authority that even the readers cannot challenge when they want details, particularly technical details, that Janie does not remember or choose to share.While Janie's story is on many levels gender and racially related -readers never forget that Janie's grandmother was a slave or that the characters are living during Jim Crow segregation in the period of the 1930s and 1940s – much of Janie's social relations within the community of black people is gender specific. Her plot is mainly based on others' opinions of how a woman should live, what a woman and especially a woman her age should and should not be doing. Moreover, Janie in the narration is one of a person who i s able to self-define and to transcend restricted boundaries ultimately through communal storytelling rituals (Lemke 90).One of the new ways in which Hurston demonstrated alternative ways of writing is that she often collapsed the boundaries between fact and fiction. The cultural and contextual situatedness of Their Eyes Were Watching God reflect a Black woman's interpretation of social reality in the sense in which the ‘real world' is constituted, in terms of personal and cultural experience, is likely to be at variance with the interpretation of these notions by Euro-American males.Central to appreciating Zora Neale Hurston's genius, versatility, and identity politics is knowing the ways in which she frequently stepped over disciplinary boundaries in her practice of anthropology, intermixing social science with the humanities so many years in advance of what we now call postmodernist practices within anthropology. Hurston's lifelong concern with the self and its limitations (those imposed from without and from within) is, of course, the natural, perhaps even the proper subject of an autobiography. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, the narrator observes that â€Å"Pheoby [is] eager to feel and do through Janie †¦ and Janie [is] full of that oldest human longing -self-revelation† (18). Pondrom claims that the â€Å"adoption of myth as a principle of meaning and order is Hurston's most important link to modernism† (1986:201). For Pondrom, Hurston's utilization of myth links her to the modernist writers approaches of Eliot, Yeats, Joyce, Pound, and Crane. Pondrom writes that Hurston's â€Å"'mythic method' links her even more powerfully to the great female modernists, who found myth a means to affirmation of the self rather than simply a stay against disorder.†For Pondrom, Hurston takes a place among H. D. , Stein, and Wolff â€Å"in a current now [mid-1980s] being recognized as fundamental to the modernist movement† (202). Pondrom discusses overlaps between Their Eyes and Babylonian, Greek, and Egyptian mythologies. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, she writes how everyone is drawn â€Å"on stage† in the cross-gender verbal jousting: â€Å"The girls and everybody else help laugh. They know it's not courtship. It's acting-out courtship and everybody is in the play.The three girls hold the center of the stage till Daisy Blunt came walking down the street in the moonlight. † Showing the proximity of immersion and recuperation images in Hurston's diasporic underground, the African rhythm infuses the dramatic scene: â€Å"Daisy is walking a drum tune. You can almost hear it by looking at the way she walks† (1995:229). Janie's experiences in Their Eyes Were Watching God take place in relation to Hurston's deepening appreciation of the ordering potential of black culture and its West African underpinnings.Her juxtaposition of sunrise/set images and the chaotic and cosmopolitan experiences of modernity recalls accounts of Yoruba mythology cited early in the twentieth century from divination priests in Badan, Nigeria. In â€Å"The Religion of the Yoruba† Leo Frobenius records a myth invoking this structure: Long, long ago, when everything was in confusion and young and old died, Olodu-mare (God) summoned Edshu-ogbe and said: â€Å"Create order in the region of the sunrise. † To Oyako-Medyi: â€Å"Create order in the region of the sunset. † Next morning Edshu-ogbe created order in the east and in the evening Oyako-Medyi created order in the west.(1973:188–89) From the external correlatives of several scenes to her explicit invocation of Esu/Elegba, in Their Eyes Were Watching God Hurston's points of reference for Janie's emerging consciousness are markedly West African. In ways that echo the narratives recorded by Frobenius, Hurston uses sunrise and sunset descriptions as a changeable and timeless witness to chaotic developments in the plot of the novel. After Janie's initial march through Eatonville creates a swirl of envy, Phoeby enters through â€Å"the intimate gate with her heaping plate of mulatto rice† (1995:176).As Janie reflects on her experience and prepares to tell her tale, Hurston's sunset provides the backdrop: the â€Å"varicolored cloud dust that the sun had stirred up in the sky was settling by slow degrees† (178). When Janie tells Phoeby about living under Nanny's and Logan Killicks's control, Hurston uses the deepening night to underscore the danger in the tale and the telling: â€Å"the kissing darkness became a monstropolous old thing† and Janie â€Å"saw her life like a great tree with†¦Dawn and doom in the branches† (181– 82).On the morning of the conflict with Logan Killicks, the â€Å"sun from ambush was threatening the world with red daggers† (199). In the scene in which Janie awakes after having spent the night alone, wondering, while Tea Cake sp ent her money on a party, the sunrise is paranoid, â€Å"sending up spies ahead of him to mark out the road through the dark† (272). Hurston images the false calm before the final storm â€Å"even before the sun gave light dead day was creeping from bush to bush watching man† (301).The first moments of Janie's excavation are imaged as she connects the mysteries of her emerging consciousness to the eternal rhythms of movement and variability: â€Å"mostly she lived between her hat and her heels, with her emotional disturbances like shade patterns in the woods—come and gone with the sun† (236). Hurston's new technique in Their Eyes combined the excavation of consciousness with an improvised relationship to a living tradition that she encountered during her research in New Orleans and Haiti. Central to her mythic method is Hurston's brilliant use of Esu/Elegba in relation to the patterns of Janie's descent and emergence.Hurston's novel Their Eyes offers an e xcellent source for demonstrating the value of an interdisciplinary approach to Black women's culture in general and American Modernismin particular (Awkward 23). Hurston locates her fiction strongly in Black women's traditional culture as developed and displayed through music and song. In presenting Janie's story as a narrative related by herself to her best Black woman friend, Pheoby, Hurston is able to draw upon the rich oral legacy of Black female storytelling and mythmaking that has its roots in Afro-American culture.The reader who is aware of this tradition will understand the story as an overheard conversation as well as a literary text. The struggle between communal relationships and modern institutions is the core of Hurston's blues critique in Their Eyes. Janie appreciates Starks's store as a social center (Baker 98). But she is chronically inept at the tasks that relate to the business. Is Hurston implying that Janie is stupid? Unlikely. Instead, for Janie, selling things in the store distracts her from the essential rhythms of nature and the homegrown power of stories that take place on the porch.In Hurston's narration, the natural beauty of the South and the communal cool squeeze the business of the store from both sides: Every morning the world flung itself over and exposed the town to the sun. So Janie had another day. And every day had a store in it, except Sundays. The store itself was a pleasant place if only she didn't have to sell things. When people sat around on the porch and passed around the pictures of their thoughts for the others to look at and see, it was nice. (Hurston 1995:215)As the sense of social decay and the power of modern economics increases their hold on people's lives and as Janie moves outside of her middle-class economic position in Eatonville, Hurston's blues images become collective, intensify, and grapple openly with the forces of fragmentation. As a new season opens on the muck, Hurston images the economically and e xistentially threadbare workforce and the hard times: Permanent transients with no attachments and tired looking men with their families and dogs in flivvers. All night, all day, hurrying in to pick beans.Skillets, beds, patched up spare inner tubes all hanging and dangling from the ancient cars on the outside and hopeful humanity, herded and hovered on the inside, chugging on to the muck. People ugly from ignorance and broken from being poor. (282) But heeding Pound's warning to devise an adequate technique or â€Å"bear false witness, † Hurston depicts the economic ‘dehumanization’ in relation to the humanizing forces of living cultural traditions: â€Å"Blues made and used right on the spot. † On â€Å"the muck† the blues voices pierce through the â€Å"mud which is deaf and dumb† as â€Å"the jooks clanged and clamored.Pianos living three lives in one. Blues made and used right on the spot. Dancing, fighting, singing, crying, laughing, w inning, and losing every hour. † Instead of the urban realist's trope of ever-warm boardinghouse beds used three shifts per day, in Hurston's vision the keys never get cold, â€Å"pianos†¦live three lives in one. †Refusing to resolve the struggle between the â€Å"deaf mud† and â€Å"live muck, † she concludes the passage with an asymmetrical image of â€Å"rich black earth clinging to bodies and biting the skin like ants† (282).Ambiguous and improvised, impulses swirl through Hurston's modernist schema of the mud and the muck. She leaves no fixed path, no pro-forma method for descent. â€Å"Permanent transients† ride the crest of the wave where Wright's â€Å"walleyed yokels† are long since washed over and submerged by his ideological approach to the blues horrors in his memory. Instead, Hurston's excavation of â€Å"the muck† explores uncharted personal and communal territory. Janie's improvised diasporic modernist quest advances with the mantra that â€Å"new words would have to be made and said† (200, 268).At the end of Their Eyes Were Watching God Hurston describes Janie in a space of continuing diasporic modernist process. In connection to various relationships, Janie explored the patterns of inner and interpersonal experience and met many of Esu/Elegba's challenges at the communal and personal gates (Pavlic 234). She excavated new depths in her consciousness and from these depths she examined her relationship to social space with deepened insight. In death, Tea Cake becomes an ancestor and joins the patterns of Janie's consciousness.Alone in her house again, Janie opens the window to allow Tea Cake's presence to come to mind. Hurston emphasizes the modernist dimensions of ancestry. They inform the combination of communal and solitary processes and present guidance which, at best, can mitigate against the pitfalls of Afro-modernist seclusion. Hurston describes Tea Cake's ancestral presenc e now combined with her own energy (the wind) and with Janie's asymmetrical space of communal loneliness: â€Å"The wind through the open windows had broomed all the fetid feeling of absence and nothingness.She closed in and sat down. Combing road-dust out of her hair. Thinking† (1995:333). As an ancestor, Tea Cake will continue to â€Å"live† in the images of Janie's mind but, possibly in tribute to Tea Cake's performative skill, Janie's telling of the story to Phoeby demonstrates she is not isolated in Afro-modernist seclusion. Unlike Hurston's other characters, Janie is capable of articulating the depths of her experience in interpersonal terms. Hurston emphasizes how the combination of sense impression and thought prevent abstraction of the ancestors: â€Å"Of course he wasn't dead.He could never be dead until she herself had finished feeling and thinking† (333). The close of the novel seems romantic and resolved; however, Tea Cake' continued ancestral prese nce will disrupt the resolution. Esu/Elegba's role doesn't cease in death. Janie will have to pursue the patterns and enable Tea Cake to overcome the â€Å"dogged† stasis that caused his demise. Janie will have to feel the wind and share the thunder. The descendant becomes part of the redemption of the ancestor, because Esu/Elegba will return (Pavlic 243).In Their Eyes, Zora Neale Hurston, is using modernism to bring her intellectual characters out of their isolation and into contact with the needs, concerns, and traditions of black people generally. Zora Neale Hurston’s fiction, especially her novels, leads us to examine ourselves in relation to the world around us. Without exaggeration, her novels enlarge both our minds and our hearts. Hurston, however, would not make such a claim; instead, she would keep moving towards some goal to be reached, some project to be started.Her anxious restlessness about herself and her work makes her a very contemporary writer, a moder nist who tried to enlarge the very notion of what it is to be American. She wrote about traditional subjects—love and loss, displacement and home, failure and triumph—at the same time she attempted to redefine our notion of American culture. Their Eyes Were Watching God offers us the same vital contrasts and the same struggle to reconcile the harp and the sword.Works CitedAwkward, Michael, ed. New Essays on â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Baker, Houston. Blues Ideology and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Brigham, Cathy. â€Å"The Talking Frame of Zora Neale Hurston's Talking Book: Storytelling as Dialectic in Their Eyes Were Watching God. † College Literature Association 37, no. 4, 1994.Frobenius, Leo. â€Å"The Religion of the Yoruba. † In Leo Frobenius: An Anthology, ed. E. Naberland, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973.Hemenway, Robert E. Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.Hurston, Zora Neale. Novels and Stories. New York: Library of America, 1995.Kenner, Hugh. A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.Lemke, Sieglinde. Primitivist Modernism: Black Culture and the Origins of Transatlantic Modernism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.Pavlic, Edward M. Crossroads Modernism: Descent and Emergence in African-American Literary Culture. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 2002.Pondrom, Cyrena. â€Å"The Role of Myth in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. † American Literature 58, no. 2, 1986.

Rhetorical Strategies Essay

It is noticed that Margaret Atwood’s every latest narrative story produce a fastidious enthusiasm as she has looked target on damaging expectations of the readers of what the narrative will be akin to or in other words the perspective. It is not correct in the case of The Blind Assassin that brought prominent Booker Prize for Atwood. The perspectives of the story in the Blind Assassin explode into movement with the provocation of the aspiration for a rationalization of the anonymity articulated in its opening verdict: â€Å"Ten days after the war ended, my sister Laura drove a car off a bridge. † (Atwood, p1) The Blind Assassin prompts its readers that a chief exposure will come as the rhetorical strategy of using â€Å"perspective† of this lengthy story by building a first-person description that make an impression on readers into a contest with Iris Chase Griffen to shape anonymity earlier than she depict the blameworthy gathering. Additionally, in view of the fact that Iris is creating a diversity of confessional chronicle, the reader is animated by the craving to forfeit concentration to the rhetorical device of perspectives which will join Iris to the lady in the story-within-a-story. Iris symbolizes herself as a â€Å"historian,† investigating the proceedings causing her sister’s perceptible suicide. Simultaneously, the storyline must be cautious not to create the rhetorical device of perspectives of the clues so apparent that the person who reads misplaces attention by precipitately forming the responds to the mystery aspects of the novel generated in start of the story. The case of Laura Chase’s suicide is extremely dissimilar seeing from the start Iris–the narrative’s â€Å"I† who is as well its â€Å"eye†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ delicately converse the discern rhetorical device of perspective of both what origin the suicide and even who the offender is. The extraordinarily length of the narrative propose that it will be likely in the completeness of time to be acquainted with the reality, but simply by setting up what led up to Laura’s â€Å"abrupt† end. The rhetorical device of perspective of the stratagem of The Blind Assassin is deposit in movement by its conclusion, a conclusion that guides to consider Iris is acquainted with the reality however will not expose until the appropriate moment. This is a narrative that a great deal relates to time and rhetorical device of perspective of the story, and about moment of time in the manner that timing is vital to knowing. The rhetorical device of perspectives toward which the story gradually guides could all be completed at the beginning well ahead of this extended story complete it. On the other hand, their rhetorical device of perspective of the â€Å"truth† would be reduced without the slow preparation for the climax. And with the reveal of â€Å"the climax perspective† it is suitable to revolve for a short time to a narratologist whose outlooks elucidate the reading of this story. The Blind Assassin appears to be self intentionally functioning in this male description concept with its storyteller who â€Å"has a heart,† to make use of that traditional expression, and who consequently seems to be contesting in opposition to the perspective of time to finish her storytelling prior to bereavement forecloses the prospect of supplementary life for storytelling. This fact creates a sagacity of deception for the reason that the readers know that Iris has to stay alive to finish the narrative, from the time when she is the solitary survivor of the disaster of a five decades previously. For that reason, the person who reads this narrative turns out to be concerned in the craving of this description to shift rapidly toward its ending, and nevertheless not too rapidly, for the reason that the climax may well be the climax of the storyteller’s life. In this approach the description appears â€Å"mannish† in the sagacity of sketching its readers into the perspective of contradictory requirements to hasten to the â€Å"culmination† and moreover tarry to extend the enjoyment of the narrative. The story makes coating upon coating of craving: the wish to know ultimately why Laura Chase suicide, a wish challenge by the wish of her sister Iris as storyteller to prevent that antagonizes for which in a variety of senses the cost is death. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that Iris is not merely a storyteller but also a â€Å"writer,† even though an unappreciated one. It might also be disputed that this narrative is itself a narrative, expressing description as an illustration of chronicle but also elevating some charming perspectives about narratives. Works Cited Atwood Margaret, The Blind Assassin: a Novel, Anchor (August 28, 2001), 544 pages, ISBN-10: 0385720955

Mis Paper on Movie Industry

One hotly contested and highly competitive industry is the movie rental business. You can rent videos from local video rental stores, you can order pay-per-view from the comfort of your own home, and you can rent videos from the Web at such sites as NetFlix. Using Porter's Five Forces Model, evaluate the relative attractiveness of entering the movie rental business. Is buyer power low or high? Is supplier power low or high? Which substitute products and services are perceived as threats? Can new entrants easily enter the market? What are the barriers to entry? What is the level of rivalry among existing competitors? What is your overall view of the movie rental business? Is it a good or bad industry to enter? Why? The model I will be using to evaluate the relative attractiveness of entering the movie rental business is Redbox that have become a leader in kiosk DVD rentals with low prices and ease of renting movies. Buying power is low in this market because there is only a few distributors and the each are selling the same movies so the price they pay is relativity the same for each customer with very little price difference. The price of movies has gone up on the newer types of DVD’s ( blu-ray) but it has gone up for everyone, but the volume of movies sold by Redbox offsets that increase. The bargaining power of the customers determines the pressure customers put on a particular market. Redbox’s business model considers this in the following ways:Â   Customers generally do not buy large volumes of the product. There are only a few operators in the industry. The fixed cost by suppliers is high, but this applies to competitors as well. There is really no legal substitute for the product. Customers are price-sensitive, but Redbox provides the product cheaper then all of its competitors. Customers can not produce the product. The product is of strategically importance – entertainment. The threat of alternative products does not exist. It is only the distribution of the product that has alternative modes. The customer gets the same brand of the same quality with Redbox as with any other seller in the industry. Close customer relations do exist, but not in the conventional sense; however, it exist through customer service and online. There is no notable difference in the price for performance – except the ease of obtaining Redbox’s products. Redbox’s business model deals with the different pressures of new entrants in the following ways:Â   Competition would have to develop an enterprise of significant size to be considered a threat. The have secured many of the prize locations for their kiosk (Wal-Mart, McDonald’s, Walgreen’s). A company would be hard press to find better locations to compete on the same level as redbox. Considering the volume of hardware, software and personnel; the initial cost to competitors would be very high. The machines are extremely expensive plus having the software and personnel to run them. Existing competitors, (Blockbusters) though experienced, are not prepared to compete in a kiosk rental capacity. But they are moving in that direction Blockbuster as an example has said it will close some of it stores and put in kiosks instead, called Blockbuster Express. The loyalty in this industry is to the product, not the distributor. Existing competitors will have to completely reinvent their business to compete in that Market. Most competitors’ strategies are out-dated and are playing catch up to redbox’s business model, The product is the same between competitors; it is Redbox’s kiosks presence that makes it more attractive. The market growth is constant. Rivalry among competitors is very high and they are always looking for more ways to bring the customer to them and away from the competition, they use advertising, promotions, and price cuts to get customers to use them. Redbox has done a good job of competing by using the low price of its product verses it competition. Before redbox an average rental was between 3 and 4 dollars for one or two nights. With redbox lowering the price to one dollar a night and using the convenience of an atm style platform it set the competitors scrambling to match that price point. I have a different view of the movie industry then most I feel because of the situation I am in as owning my own store for the last ten years. When I first started out we only had vhs tapes and they were very expansive to buy for rental which was offset by the fact that you could not buy new release at Wal-Mart for 30 to 45 days so the customer had to rent from you. With the invention of the dvd the studios began selling to Wal-Mart on the same day it came out at the video store, so now customers could buy it instead of renting it of course the price came down but so did the profits. Then with redbox entering the market the total price point changed. The dollar price point does not leave much room for profit unless there is a large turnover. The small mom and pop stores are hard pressed to compete in this market because they can not buy in volume or sell as many products to make it affordable. If I was starting my business today I would not open a brick and mortar store I would try to get into the kiosk market. But I would do it in a way that would be unique. I would go to smaller markets with less competition and sell my product at a higher price then redbox but cheaper then the brick and motor stores. Works Cited http://www. slashfilm. com/2009/09/16/blockbuster-may-close-20-of-locations-is-the-chains-future-kiosk-only

Differences among Corporate, Institutional and Government Procurement

The procurement strategies differ greatly in the government, corporate and institutional sectors. First and foremost, there are some key distinctions in the supply chain management (SCM), that is in the â€Å"process-oriented system of purchasing, producing, and delivering product to customers† that includes the complete supply chain, i. e. â€Å"demand, supply, manufacturing, transportation and distribution†(1, 2006).Recently the industrial sector has increased the SCM standards with emphasis on speed and turnover of goods. For example, the turnover of inventory in Wal-Mart is approximately 12 hours (2, 2006). The government sector is less efficient in the SCM due to legal, cultural or material complexities, not to mention the bureaucracy that can influence the speed of logistics and supply. However, in the military industry the big contractors and the Pentagon are theoretically able to interact through â€Å"the revolving door†.In practice, it can lead to the c onflicts of interests, when the businesses hire government officials with a view to influence the government procurement strategies – for instance, Darleen Druyun’s case, the deputy acquisition chief for the Air Force, hired by Boeing in 2003) (3, 2004). Government purchasing can be more large-scale in terms of allocated funds; however, it complies not only to the matters of immediate financial benefit, but also to the state-level concerns.For example, the Government Purchasing Project by the Center for Responsive Law is regulated by environmentally preferable purchasing policies on the federal, state and local government level (4, 2006). Institutional purchasing faces fewer barriers in the form of formalities and large-scale commitments. Government procurement is an effective process of supplying necessary goods and services because of its holistic quality. The government establishes its own rules in view of the internal and external state policy and economic conditio ns.This is a flexible procurement process, and if rules were adequate to the demand, it is highly effective. By administering contracts the government agencies can choose the most favourable deal for supplying the required goods and services. However, here is a danger of making rules for their own sake, i. e. bureaucracy. To sum up, the differences between corporate, institutional, and government procurement lie in SCM (turnover speed), purchasing strategies and long-term perspectives, as well as general economic and political context.